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Chapter 3 The Mediterranean and Middle East 2000-500 B.C.E. Hittite Empire. Capital - Hattusha. Another view of Hattusha - near present day Ankara - central Turkey. Hattusha – Lion’s Gate. Hittite Chariots & Warriors. Hittite Writing. A Balance of Power: 1200 B. C. E. Hittite legacy.
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Another view of Hattusha - near present day Ankara - central Turkey
A Balance of Power: 1200 B. C. E.
Hittite legacy • Employed fearsome new technology of horse-drawn chariots • Historians believe they were first to develop technique for making tools and weapons of iron. • Challenged Egyptian dominance with significant battle at Kadesh
End of the Hittite Empire • Their knowledge of metalwork soon traveled throughout the area with the Hittite traders and through their conquests. • Although the Hittites were superior in war, their empire came to a very abrupt end around 1190 BC. Invaders from the north attacked and burned the Hittite cities.
The Battle of Kadesh Ramses II at Kadesh Treaty of Kadesh
New Kingdom Egypt • The Middle Kingdom ended with the invasion of the Hyksos in 1650 BCE. • The Hyksos controlled the Nile River Delta – Lower Egypt – for about 70 years. • By 1500 BCE the Hyksos were expelled, the Hebrews were enslaved, and Egypt was again unified by a pharaoh of the 18th dynasty.
This marks the beginning of the New Kingdom. • The New Kingdom is dated 1550 BCE to 1075 BCE (1550-700 BCE in AP text). • This was the period when Egyptian armies conquered extensive areas of land out side Egypt.
Some famous New Kingdom pharaohs include: • Ahmose – He expelled the Hyksos. • Thutmose I – (1512 BCE – 1500 BCE) – He conquered Nubia to the South. He pushed Egypt’s border further South than it had ever been.
Hatshepsut – the best known female pharaoh (ca. 1500 BCE – 1482 BCE).
Akhnaton (1367-1350 BCE) and his wife Nefertiti. • Akhnaton attempted to found a (mostly) monotheistic religion dedicated to Aton – a god signifying the sun’s disc. • This effort was bitterly opposed by the priesthoods. • Akhnaton’s faith died with him.
One of the most important pharaohs of the New Kingdom was Rameses II. • He ruled from about ca. 1304 BCE to ca. 1237 BCE. This was the longest reign of any pharaoh. • He outlived most of his children and grandchildren.
Rameses II fought the Hittites at Kadesh around 1300 BCE and concluded a peace treaty with them after the two armies fought to a standstill. • Rameses II’s monuments claimed Kadesh was a great victory! • Rameses II was perhaps the most prolific builders of any of Egypt’s pharaohs.
Minoans of Crete • On the island of Crete
By 2000 B.C.E. the Island of Crete had first European civilization to have complex political and social structures and advanced technologies. • They had a centralized government, monumental building, bronze metallurgy, writing and record keeping • Archaelogists named after King Minos who ruled a vast naval empire
Worshipped one goddess with many faces, most likely, or multiple goddesses
End of Minoans • All the Cretan palaces except Cnossus were deliberately destroyed around 1450 B.C.E. • Since Mycenaen Greeks took over at Cnossus, most historians regard them as the likely destroyers of Minoans
3C. The Assyrian Empire
Assyrian Military Power Assyrian soldiers carrying away the enemy’s gods.
