The Mediterranean and Middle East, 2000-500 B.C.E.

1. The Mediterranean and Middle East, 2000-500 B.C.E.

2. Bronze Age Civilizations • Second millennium B.C.E. • bronze tools • “cosmopolitan” Middle East • Increase in long-distance trade

3. Babylonia (south) Kassites intermarried Assyria (north) Traded with Anatolia Hittites (Indo-Europeans) came to power in Anatolia Mesopotamia 1500 BCE Mesopotamian culture dominated western Asia: Akkadian became language between governments and cuneiform became the system of writing languages

4. A Balance of Power: 1200 B. C. E.

5. Hittite Chariots & Warriors

6. 7th century BCE – declined 1640 BCE – Hyksos – foreign rule Reunification – 1532 BCE Thebes Became aggressive and territorial Egypt

7. Major Pharaohs of Egypt Menes Hatshepsut Amenhotep (later called Akhenaton) Tut Ramses II Cleopatra

8. The Aegean World • 2000-1100 BCE • Influenced by Mesopotamia & Egypt by trade • Minoan civilization – Crete • Mycenaean civilization - Greece

9. Minoan Crete • King Minos • naval empire • Probably Indo-European • Linear A

10. Mycenaean GreeceAKA - Achaeans • Probably Indo-European • Invaded from the north around 2000 BCE • What we know is translated from four thousand baked clay tablets written in Linear B • Evidence of • wealth • Complex building • Long distance trade

11. Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey • Supposedly King Agamemnon, king of Mycenae, brings Greek cities together to defeat Troy in Anatolia, which controlled Mediterranean trade • Composed about 750 BCE - According to Iliad, Paris, a Trojan prince kidnapped Helen, wife of the King of Sparta. The Spartan King and his brother Agamemnon, of Mycenae, involved all of Greece in the effort to rescue Helen. After ten years of war they destroy Troy and drove the Trojans into exile. • Heinrich Schliemann • 1800s – most historians believed Homers’ epics completely mythical • Heexcavated a site in northwestern Asia Minor and graves in Mycenae

12. Mask of Agamemnon?

13. Fall of Bronze Age Civilizations • Around 1200 BCE • Hittite Anatolia destroyed by unknown invaders • Egypt lost Palestine • Mycenaean civilization fell • All led to a “Dark Age” of the area that lasted 100 years

14. Iron Age • By early first millennium B.C.E. in eastern hemisphere • Use of iron instead of bronze for tools and weapons

15. The Neo-Assyrians: 900-612 BCE

16. Neo-Assyrians • resurgence of old Assyrian Mesopotamia • trade routes - control of silver and IRON • new kind of empire • King controlled all • superior military technology • half a million troops • continued Hammurabi’s classes of society • equal legal protection

17. Fall of Assyria • Grew too large; spread resources too thin • Brutal treatment of conquered peoples • Conquered by Neo-Babylonians and Medes (Iranians)

18. Israel: 2000 – 500 BCE • Names: Canaan, Palestine, Hebrews, Israelites, & Jews • Crossroads – Anatolia, Egypt, Arabia, & Mesopotamia • What we know comes from Egypt & Assyria and from Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) • Hebrew language – a Semitic language

19. Abraham • Born in Ur • Rejected idol worship • Migrated to Israel

20. Abraham’s Covenant • Binding Agreement (2000 BC -1500 BC) • One True God (Yahweh) • Live by God’s word = Chosen people

21. Yahweh’s “Covenant” With His People • The first 5 books of the Hebrew Bible. • The most sacred text in the Jewish religious tradition. The Torah

22. Abraham’s Geneaology HAGAR ABRAHAM SARAH Ishmael Isaac 12 Arabian Tribes Jacob Esau 12 Tribes of Israel

23. In Egypt • Drought forces Israelites to Egypt • Egyptians “enslave” them

24. The Exodus • Israelites led out of captivity by Moses • 40 years in desert • 10 Commandments • destroyed Jericho • Confirmed by archeological evidence • Divided into 12 Tribes, each in different area

25. Route of the Exodus

26. Israel’s Monarchy & Defeat • capital Jerusalem • Solomon – high point of Israel • After Solomon’s death Israel splits into 2 • Israel – north • Judah – south • Israel destroyed by Assyrians 721 BCE • Judah captured by Neo-Babylonian empire in 587 BCE; Temple in Jerusalem destroyed by King Nebuchadnezzar (Rebuilt, but destroyed again by Romans) • The Diaspora, or scattering – continues even to this day, though Israel is now a country again

28. The Temple Mount, Jerusalem Today Solomon’s Temple Wall: The “Wailing” Wall

29. Phoenicians – 1200-500 BCE • Ancient population of Syria & Palestine • “red men” in Greek • Writing - pre-alphabetic system • Byblos – important city-state; origin of term Bible • Phoenician Triangle – trade between North Africa, Spain, and islands off coast of Italy

30. Phoenician Sea Routes

31. A Phoenician Bireme Ship

32. The “Royal Purple” Dye

33. Phoenician City of Byblos:“Home of the Alphabet”

34. Phoenician Alphabet

35. Carthage: Phoenicia’s Mightiest Colony

36. Carthage • What we know comes from Greeks • Controlled trade on the middle Mediterranean • evidence of trade with sub-Saharan Africa • Harbor could hold 200+ warships • Population – 400,000 • Polytheistic - male child sacrifice in times of crisis

37. Carthage Cont • Navy dominated western Mediterranean • Protection of trade • Phoenician city-states looked to Carthage for protection • Fought a series of wars with Greece & Rome from 5th-3rd centuries BCE • Used mercenary soldiers: Numidians, Iberians, Gauls, & Italians