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Vowels

Vowels. Vowels: Articulatory Description. Tongue Position. (Ferrand, 2001). Vowels: Articulatory Description. Degree of lip rounding Rounded Unrounded Degree of tension Tense Lax. Source-filter theory revisited. Vowels: Acoustic Description. Tubes have physical characteristics

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Vowels

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  1. Vowels

  2. Vowels: Articulatory Description Tongue Position (Ferrand, 2001)

  3. Vowels: Articulatory Description • Degree of lip rounding • Rounded • Unrounded • Degree of tension • Tense • Lax

  4. Source-filter theory revisited

  5. Vowels: Acoustic Description

  6. Tubes have physical characteristics Tubes are acoustic resonators Acoustic resonators have frequency response curves (FRC) (or transfer functions) Physical characteristics dictate FRC Vocal tract as a tube

  7. FRC peaks – resonant or formant frequency Resonators have an infinite number of formants F1, F2, F3 … denotes formants from low to high frequency Frequency response curve (FRC) F1 F2 F3 F4

  8. Characteristics affecting filter properties • Overall length • Whether it is closed at either or both ends • Cross-sectional area along its length

  9. First resonance or formant F1 = c/4l Where c=speed of sound (35,000 cm/sec) l = length of the tube males ~ 17.5 cm females ~ 14 cm Higher resonant/formant frequencies are odd multiples of F1 For example, F1 = (c/4l )*1 F2 = (c/4l )*3 F3 = (c/4l )*5 Uniform tube closed at one end

  10. The vocal tract • Can be (roughly) uniform in shape • Can also be take on non-uniform shapes • Non-uniform tubes • Have a more complex area function • Does not allow simple calculations of resonances

  11. Area function of a tube … Area (cm2) Length along tube (cm)

  12. Vocal Tract Area Function

  13. Vocal Tract Area Function

  14. FRC

  15. Key point • Vocal Tract has a variable shape, therefore • It is a variable resonator • Can have a variety of area functions • Can generate a variety of frequency response curves

  16. FRC

  17. FRC

  18. FRC

  19. Resonant (formant) Frequency F1, F2 frequency are particularly important F3 frequency plays a smaller role Landmark study: Peterson and Barney (1952) What distinguishes vowels in production and perception? Median values based on lab measures

  20. Mid Central vowel F1: 500 Hz F2: 1500 Hz /i/ /u/ Gain // // frequency

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