Nation and Memory in Russia, Poland and Ukraine

1. Nation and Memory in Russia, Poland and Ukraine Week 7 Peasants into ... (Russians, Ukrainians, Poles)

2. Peasants into… • Russia and the Russian Empire • Poles • Ukrainians

3. Nation building in 19th century Eastern Europe Task: Make peasants into Russians, Poles, Ukrainians Problem: Serfdom, abolished in Prussia 1807/10, in Austria 1848, in Russia 1861 • Liberation without land (peasants have to pay for it) • Gulf between nobility and nationally mobilised urban elite on the one side and peasants on the other side • Problem of literacy: 1850 in Prussia 85%, 1873 in Austrian Galicia 20%, 1897 in Russian Empire 21.1% • Fear of estate owners and conservatives of effect of literacy on behaviour of peasants • National movement: since last third of 19th century challenge by socialism

4. Peasants into… • Russia and the Russian Empire • Poles • Ukrainians

5. Russia Feodor Vasilyev, Village (1869)

6. Pro • Almost all ethnic Russians, most ‘Little Russians’, ‘White Russians’ are orthodox • since 1870s some sort of local self-administration • Existence of an educated elite • Russians have a state (Russian Empire • Long state tradition: existence of a Russian history generally acknowledged • Existence of a Russian high culture • 44% of population are Great Russians • The Russian Empire is one of the five Great Powers Against • Weakness of Russian Orthodox Church – since 17th c. tool of autocracy • Late introduction of self-administration (zemstva) • Gulf between autocracy and educated elite • Gulf between elite and peasantry • Empire vs. Russian nation (enormous role of non-Russians in imperial bureaucracy) • Tension between Russian nationalism and Russian imperial interests • Great Russians are not absolute majority of population • National movements in periphery: especially Poland • The Russian Empire is overstretched Dilemma 1: to compete with the other Great Powers modernisation needed, effective modernisation based on co-operation of elites, education of population… But… end of autocratic rule, sharing of power, education also vehicle for ‘wrong’ – revolutionary or reformist ideas – elites scared of peasant uprising Dilemma 2: Russification of minorities needed to transform Russia into a Russian nation state. But… Russification could provoke resistance of other ethnic groups

7. Major Ethnic Groups in the Russian Empire 1897 (125,640,000) Russians 44.31% Ukrainians 17.81% Belarusians 4.68% Poles 6.31% Jews 4.03% Other ethnic groups in the West 4.47% Ethnic groups in the North 0.42% Ethnic groups Volga/Ural 5.85% Ethnic groups in Siberia 0.99% Ethnic groups in the Steppe 1.99% Ethnic groups in the Transcaucasia 3.53% Ethnic groups in the Caucasus 1.05% Ethnic groups in Central Asia 5.69% Diaspora groups (1.43% Germans) 1.91%

8. Domestic Policy 1856 - 1881

9. Alexander II 1855-1881

10. What is Russification? Three varieties (Thaden) Unplanned: certain individuals take on Russian culture and language, takes several generations Administrative: demand by the Russian government that Russian must be used in administration everywhere in the empire Cultural: active policy that aims to replace a population’s native culture with Russian Edward C. Thaden et al., Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland, 1855-1914 (Princeton, 1981), pp. 7-8 Theodore R. Weeks, ‘Russification: Word and Practice 1863-1914’, in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Vol 148, No. 4, December 2004, pp. 473-474

11. Monument of field marshal Ivan Paskevic in Warsaw

12. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Warsaw, before 1914

15. Peasants into… • Russia and the Russian Empire • Poles • Ukrainians

16. Poland Uprisings before 1900 1794 Kosciuszko-Uprising (Russia) Also in Greater Poland (Prussia) 1806 Uprising in Greater Poland (Prussia) 1830 November Uprising (Russia) 1846 Greater Poland (attempt, Prussia) and Galician Slaughter, Kraków (Austria) 1848 Greater Poland (Prussia) 1863 January Uprising (Russia)

17. November Uprising, 1830

18. Polish lands, 1840-1848

20. January Uprising, 1863/64

21. 1863

22. 1794 Kosciuszko uprising 1795 Third Partition of Poland After the Battle of Racławice (1794), painting by Jan Matejko (end of 19th c.)

23. Realism and Positivism vs. Romanticism Cracow School: Michał Bobrzyński 1849-1935 A short history of Poland, 1879 The Birth of the Polish State, 2 vols., 1914-22 Warsaw School: Tadeusz Korzon 1839-1918

24. Organic Work Starting point: failed insurrections Poland culturally and economically too underdeveloped to sustain an independent state New strategy: • Improve industry and trade in the Polish provinces • Build towns and railways • Organize cooperatives and organize Polish peasantry • Raise the literacy and the national consciousness of the population Important advocates: Stańczyk group in Cracow and Warsaw positivists

26. The Polish lands 1863 - 1914 Russian Empire • Kingdom of Poland becomes Vistula land • Russification • Discrimination of Roman Catholic Church, destruction of Uniate Church • University of Warsaw replaced by Imperial University of Warsaw (Teaching in Russian) German Empire • Anti-Catholic policy under Bismarck • Germanisation of School system • School strike after attempt to introduce German languagein religious instruction • Policy to promote settlement of ethnic Germans • Discrimination of ethnic Poles

27. Michał Drzymała, his wife and his wagon

29. Austrian Crownland Galicia and Lodomeria, 1910 Population: 8 Million

30. Austria-Hungary after 1867 Crownland Galicia and Lodomeria • Polish elite profits from imperial reforms • Close cooperation with Polish elites • Social, political, economic and cultural dominance of Poles • Polonisation of administration, education • Dominance of Polish language in universities in Cracow and Lwów • Modern political parties develop, • Hundreds of Polish newspapers and journals, thousands of books are published • Polish politicians (Polish club in Austrian parliament) very influential • Polish ministers and gouvernors Galicia – the Polish Piedmont

31. The Making of the Polish Nation PRO • Polish language and long tradition of literate culture • Influence in Galicia since 1867 • German Empire: rule of law • Roman-Catholic faith • Common history of most of the territory until the end of the 18th c. • Existence of a numerous, genuinely Polish elite – the nobility • Cultural bonds: similar traditions, costumes, songs and so on • Emancipation/liberation of peasants in Prussia, Austria, Russia Paradox: creating precondition for Polish nation building CONTRA • Partitions of Poland: no state • Living in the Russian Empire, Prussia/German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. • No common present • Opportunities for educated Poles in the service of the Empires • Small middle class • Sharp social conflict between peasants and estate owners • Unclear borders • Unclear national boundaries (for ex. Polish Jew or Jewish Pole) • National 'awakening' of Ukrainians, Lithuanias etc. • Policy of Russification and Germanization

32. Peasants into… • Russia and the Russian Empire • Poles • Ukrainians

33. Ukrainians in the Russian Empire • Ukrainian nationalism • Ethnicity and historical traditions • Small group of pro-Ukrainian noblemen • Ukrainian language and literature • Partial coincidence of social and ethnic boundaries • Assimilation • “Little Russians” • Valuev Decree and Ems Ukaz • Orthodox faith • Attraction of Russian culture • Upward mobility - chances

36. Crownland Galicia and Lodomeria, 1910 Population: 8 Million

38. Options • Polish option – “gente ruthenus, natione polonus” • Ruthenian option – “Rusyny” • Russian option – Russophiles • Ukrainian option – Ukrainophiles • (Panruthenian option) – including Belarusians John-Paul Himka, ‘The Construction of Nationality in Galician Rus’: Icarian Flights in Almost All Directions’, in Ronald Grigor Suny and Michael D. Kennedy (eds.), Intellectuals and the Articulation of the Nation (Ann Arbor, 1999), pp. 109-64.

39. Phase B/C • 1848 Ruthenian Council • Reading Clubs (Prosvita) • Co-operative movement • Emergence of a secular elite • Ruthenian-Ukrainian parties (since 1890s) • Ruthenians/Ukrainians represented in Austrian parliament and in Galician Diet

40. VolodymyrAntonovych 1834-1908

41. Main work History of Ukraine-Rus’ 10 volumes, Mykhailo Hrushevsky 1866-1934

42. The Making of the Ukrainian Nation CONTRA • Ukrainian language not yet a fully developed “high language”, Russian and Polish available as alternative languages for higher education • Since 1667/1772 Eastern part has common history with Russia, Western part with Poland/Austria • traditional elites have become Russians or Poles • no uncontested Ukrainian state in history • Potential members of the nation live in different empires as non-dominant ethnic groups • Opportunities for educated Ukrainians in Russian Empire • almost no middle class • Different religious denominations • Politics of Russification/Polonisation PRO • Ukrainian language and literature in the vernacular since 1798 • Greek-Catholic faith in Galicia a barrier to assimilation by the Polish nation • Common history until the 17th c. • Social antagonism to Polish/Polonised or Russian/Russified overlords • Cossack autonomy in early modern Europe and short period of independence • Cultural bonds: similar traditions, costumes, songs and so on • Children of Orthodox and Uniate Priests – core of educated national elite