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Neuron Anatomy

Neuron Anatomy. Neurons. Neuron is a nerve cell that communicates with the entire body (glands, muscles…). Cell Body produces energy for the cell to be active. Dendrites are thin fibers that receive information from other neurons and pass the message to the Cell Body. Neurons.

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Neuron Anatomy

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  1. Neuron Anatomy

  2. Neurons • Neuron is a nerve cell that communicates with the entire body (glands, muscles…). • Cell Body produces energy for the cell to be active. • Dendrites are thin fibers that receive information from other neurons and pass the message to the Cell Body.

  3. Neurons • The axon carries messages away. Axons vary in size from a fraction of an inch to many feet. • Myelin is a white fatty substances that protects the axon and to speed up the message delivery process. • Axon Terminals are the tiny fibers at the end of the axon that branch out.

  4. Synapse • The junction between the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites of another. This is where messages are shared. • There is only one direction that messages can go and the dendrites always receive.

  5. Neurotransmitters • A chemical that crosses the synaptic cleft b/w nerve cells to transmit impulses from one neuron to another. Their relative excess or deficiency is involved in several psychological disorders. - 4 main Neurotransmitters: Serotonin, Dopamine, Norepinephrine and Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

  6. Neurotransmitters

  7. Serotonin • involved in processing info and coordination of movements as well as inhibition and restraint. It also assists in the regulation of eating, sexual and aggressive behaviors. - The interaction of serotonin and dopamine is implicated in Schizophrenia.

  8. Norepinephrine • Active in the CNS and PNS controlling heart rate, blood pressure and respiration (and other functions). - Because of it’s role in body regulations, NPP may have a part in panic attacks, anxiety and mood disorders.

  9. Dopamine • Activates other Neurotransmitters as a general function, but also aids in exploratory and pleasure – seeking behaviors (thus balancing Serotonin). - An excess is implicated in Schizophrenia and a deficit is involved in Parkinson’s Disease.

  10. GABA • Reduces activity across the synaptic cleft and thus inhibits a range of behaviors, emotions and especially anxiety.

  11. One way to affect synaptic transmission is to increase the amount of neurotransmitter that is released into the synaptic space. Drugs like alcohol, heroin, and nicotine excite the dopamine-containing neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) so that they produce more action potentials. As the number of action potentials increases, so does the amount of dopamine released into the synapse.

  12. Amphetamines (e.g., methamphetamine, crystal, crank) actually cause the release of dopamine from the vesicles. This is independent of the rate of action potentials and, depending on dose, can cause a relatively quick and prolonged rise of extracellular dopamine levels.

  13. Abusive Drugs Depressants – decreases the activity of the Central Nervous System, thus reducing the levels of physiological arousal. • Benzodiazepines: Rohypnol (roofy), Valium • Barbiturates: hypnotics • Sedatives, anxiolutics, and alcohol

  14. Alcohol • Low levels of alcohol tend to start by decreasing activity of the inhibitory nervous system, particularly in the frontal lobe. • As drinking continues, the suppression effect spreads to other parts of the brain and body causing symptoms of intoxication and can affect vision and hearing. • At high levels, alcohol can suppress brain stem functions: breathing and respiration = alcohol poisoning

  15. Alcohol • Withdrawl: hand temors, nausea and vomiting, transient hallucinations, agitation, insomnia are the most common. • Long-term use can damage the liver, pancreatitis, cardiovascular disease and brain damage (Wernicke’s disease: confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and garbled speech.

  16. Abusive Drugs • Stimulants – increase alertness, can induce feelings of vigor and reduce fatigue. • Caffeine • Cocaine • Nicotine • Amphetamines: Ritalin, MDMA

  17. Amphetamines and cocaine act directly on dopamine, GABA neurons help to inhibit other neurons and some drugs act to reduce GABA, permitting the pleasure pathway neurons to fire more frequently (opiates).

  18. Opiates • Our brains produce natural substances similar to the characteristics of opiates (endorphines). • Opiates induce euphoria, drowsiness, and slowed respiration which can be fatal at a high dose. • morphine, codeine and heroin. Withdrawals are very unpleasant.

  19. Case Study: Opioid Dependency • Select 3 issues or events from Matthew’s life that you believe to have contributed to his addiction. *Include a defense on why you chose that issue or event. • Explain the difference between abuse and dependence. Include an example for each and the definitions of tolerance and withdrawal. • What are the pros and cons to the use of Methadone as Heroin treatment? Do you agree with this method?

  20. Case Study: Class Discussion - The 4 most frequently used substances in our society are alcohol, tobacco, marijuana and caffeine. All of these are legal substances, but one. Based on what criteria do you think some substances should be legal and others illegal?

  21. Essential Question How can knowledge of brain functions (including the effects of substances) impact your life and decision? - What did you learn and how will you use it?

  22. Review: Neurotransmitters • 1) Attention, Motivation, Pleasure __________ • 2) Obsessions, Mood, Anxiety ___________ • 3) Reduces activity across the synaptic cleft, and inhibits a variety of emotions, especially anxiety. ________________________________ • 4) Involved with coordination of muscles, information processing, as well as inhibition and restraint. _____________________________________ • 5) Alertness and Energy _________________ • 6) __________is a drug similar to substances that are already present within the human body. _________________________________________

  23. 7) Active in the Central NS and Peripheral NS by controlling respiration and heart rate. __________ • 8) Cocaine and Amphetamines act directly on this:. ___________________ • 9) A deficit of this Neurotransmitter is suggested as a cause of Parkinson’s Disease. ____________________________________ • 10) The interaction with dopamine is implicated in Schizophrenia. ______________________________ • 11) Because of it’s role in body regulations, it is suggested that this Neurotransmitter may have a part in panic attacks, anxiety, and mood disorders. _______________ 12) This drug decreases the level of activity of the CNS. _______________

  24. Opiates Depressants Stimulants Drugs

  25. Cocaine Caffeine Alcohol Nicotine Heroin Crystal Meth Ritalin Valium Rohypnol Morphine MDMA Codeine Benzodiazepine Drugs

  26. Opiates Heroin Morphine Codeine Depressants Alcohol Valium Benzodiazepine Rohypnol Stimulants MDMA Cocaine Caffeine Nicotine Crystal Meth Ritalin Drugs

  27. Long Answer • Explain the process in which a message travels through the body in relation to psychology; include the parts of the body that are needed and how they work together and separate. • Explain the process of Alcohol in relation to psychology, include the parts of the body and brain that are affected and how. Also include short-term and long-term affects of abuse.

  28. Long Answer 3) Explain the connections between addictions and psychology including the roles of puberty, serotonin, and dopamine. Include a substance example.

  29. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3gfzfqEre0

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