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GENE EXPRESSION

GENE EXPRESSION. every cell nucleus has a complete set of DNA (instructions) But each cell only uses some of the information Information used depends on the type of cell. GENE EXPRESSION. GENE EXPRESSION.

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GENE EXPRESSION

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  1. GENE EXPRESSION

  2. every cell nucleus has a complete set of DNA (instructions) But each cell only uses some of the information Information used depends on the type of cell GENE EXPRESSION

  3. GENE EXPRESSION • Specialization- cells are “specialized” to do their job depending on the information they use • Ex- Stomach cells make necessary enzymes

  4. GENE EXPRESSION • Genes are activated “Turned on” by their internal or external environment • Internal: Ex- Hormones can activate a part of the cell DNA, producing a specific protein (internal)

  5. GENE EXPRESSION GENE EXPRESSION • External: • Ex- Light on plants No light stop chlorophyll production

  6. GENE EXPRESSION • Himalayan Rabbits- gene for black fur is activated by cold • Test- white fur shaved off back of rabbit cold pack applied  black fur grows in place

  7. GENE EXPRESSION • Twin Studies: Identical twins raised in different environments may show differences

  8. Oncogenes- genes present in most human cells that when activated can lead to cancer Internal/External GENE EXPRESSION

  9. BIOTECHNOLOGY • The combination of technology and biological sciences • is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" • Examples: • human gene therapy • genetically modifying plants • changing the genes of bacteria

  10. GENETIC ENGINEERING • The process of using technology to alter the genetic code of living organisms • Genetic information is transferred from one organism to another (entire genes or parts of genes)

  11. GENE SPLICING • Recombinant DNA formed when DNA from different sources is combined • DNA molecule of original cell is “broken” by restriction enzymes • Plasmids in host cell (bacteria or virus) are broken by restriction enzymes • Isolated pieces of DNA from original cell are inserted into host cell and taken up by plasmid • New cell with foreign DNA replicates • Cell can now synthesize a new chemical coded for it by its new gene(s)

  12. BIOTECHNOLOGY • Agriculture- disease and insect resistant crops, leaner livestock, cows produce more milk

  13. Genetically Modified Organisms • Herbicide resistance in crops • Sheep that produce human blood clotting factor • Salt tolerance in plants • Delayed ripening in fruits • Cows that produce human milk

  14. Genetically Modified Organisms GMO’S • Salmon that grow faster and larger

  15. Genetically Modified Organisms GMO’S

  16. http://www.scientificamerican.com/video.cfm?id=what-is-a-genetically-modified-food2013-07-24http://www.scientificamerican.com/video.cfm?id=what-is-a-genetically-modified-food2013-07-24

  17. BIOTECHNOLOGY • Medical: • Human Gene Therapy • Hormones (insulin, GH) • Interferon

  18. BIOTECHNOLOGY • Environmental- oil eating bacteria

  19. BIOTECHNOLOGY • Cloning: process by which genetically identical cells are produced from a single cell • 1997- Dolly the sheep

  20. BIOTECHNOLOGY • DNA Fingerprinting (gel electrophoresis) Everyone’s DNA is unique and can be used to identify individuals Ex- criminals missing persons familial relationships

  21. DNA FINGERPRINTING • Analysis of sections of DNA which have little or no function (not the DNA that people have in common) • Pieces of DNA separated by the process of gel electrophoresis • DNA fragments are separated by size and electrical voltage and then analyzed

  22. HUMAN GENOME PROJECT • An ongoing effort to analyze the human DNA sequence • Mapping of the basic framework of the entire genetic code • Scientists began in 1990 • June 2000- copy of human genome is“complete”

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