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Evolution of Healthcare: Ancient to Modern Eras

Explore the major events in the history of healthcare from ancient beliefs in evil spirits to modern medical breakthroughs. Discover how medicine evolved over time, from Greek and Roman practices to modern advancements like organ transplants. Learn about key figures like Hippocrates and Jonas Salk who revolutionized healthcare. Understand the significant changes in medical practices and ethics that shaped the current healthcare system.

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Evolution of Healthcare: Ancient to Modern Eras

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  1. The History of Health Care Health Science Ms. Spangler

  2. Objectives • Differentiate between early beliefs about the cause of disease and treatment and current beliefs about disease and treatment. • Identify 10 major events in the history of healthcare.

  3. Ancient Times • Disease and illness caused by evil spirits • Treatment directed towards eliminating spirts

  4. Primitive Times • Believed illness caused by demons & spirits • Herbs and plants used as medicines • Life span- 20 years

  5. Egyptians • Earliest to keep accurate health records • Superstitious • Called upon gods • Leeches • Life Span 20-30 yrs

  6. Egyptians • Priests were the doctors • Temples were places of worship, medical schools, and hospitals • Only the priests could read the medical knowledge from the god “Thoth”

  7. Egyptians • Research on mummies has revealed the existence of diseases • Arthritis • Kidney stones • Arteriosclerosis

  8. Egyptians • Some medical practices still used today • Enemas • Circumcision (4000 BC) preceded marriage • Closing wounds • Setting fractures

  9. Ancient Chinese • Carefully monitored pulse • Treated entire body, not just symptom • Used acupuncture • Began search for medical reasons to illness • Life Span 20-30 yrs

  10. Greek Medicine • First to study causes of diseases • Research helped eliminate superstitions • Sanitary practices were associated with the spread of disease • Massages, art, herbal treament

  11. Greek Medicine • Hippocrates • no dissection, only observations • took careful notes of signs/symptoms of diseases • disease was not caused by supernatural forces • Father of Medicine • wrote standards of ethics which is the basis for today’s medical ethics

  12. Greek Medicine Life span 25-35 yrs

  13. Roman Medicine • Learned from the Greeks and developed a sanitation system • Aqueducts and sewers • Public baths • Beginning of public health

  14. Roman Medicine • Provided care to injured soldiers • Room in doctors’ house became first hospital • Life span 25-35 yrs

  15. Dark Ages (400-800 A.D.) • Saving the soul, study of medicine prohibited • Prayer treated illness/disease • Medications herbal mixtures • Life span 20-30 yrs

  16. Dark Ages (400-800 A.D.) and Middle Ages (800-1400 A.D.) • Terrible epidemics • Bubonic plague (Black Death) • Small pox • Diphtheria • Syphilis • Measles • Typhonid fever • Tuberculosis

  17. Middle Ages (800-1400 A. D.) • Renewed interest in medical practice • Arab physicians advance pharmocology • Pass exams, obtain licenses • Life Span 20-35 yrs

  18. Renaissance Medicine (1350-1650 A.D.) • Universities and medical schools for research • Dissection (A&P) • Medical books

  19. 16th & 17th Century • Ambroise Pare: Father of modern surgery • Anton van Leeuwekhoek (1676) • invented microscope • observed microorganisms

  20. 16th & 17th Century • William Harvey • circulation of blood • Gabriele Fallopian • discovered fallopian tube • Bartholomew Eustachus • discovered the eustachian tube • Life Span 35-45 yrs

  21. 18th Century • Edward Jenner 1796 • smallpox vaccination • Joseph Priestly • discovered oxygen • Gabriel Fahrenheit, thermometer

  22. 18th Century • Benjamin Franklin • invented bifocals • found that colds could be passed from person to person • Laennec • invented the stethoscope • Life Span- 40-50 yrs

  23. 19th Century • Most rapid advances in healthcare !!! • Medical school founded in London • First successful blood transfusion • Training programs for nurses

  24. 19th & 20th Century • Inez Semmelweiss • identified the cause of puerperal fever which led to the importance of hand washing • Louis Pasteur (1860 –1895) • discovered that microorganisms cause disease

  25. 19th & 20th Century • Wilhelm Roentgen • discovered X-rays • Paul Ehrlick • discovered effect of medicine on disease causing microorganisms • Anesthesia discovered • nitrous oxide, ether, chloroform

  26. 19th & 20th Century • Joseph Lister • first doctor to use antiseptic during surgery • Robert Koch • Father of Microbiology • identified germ causing TB

  27. 19th & 20th Century • Alexander Fleming • discovered penicillin • Jonas Salk • discovered that a killed polio virus would cause immunity to polio • Alfred Sabin • discovered that a live virus provided more effective immunity • Life Span 40-60 yrs

  28. 20th Century • Insulin discovered to treat diabetes • First open heart surgery 1953 • First dialysis machine invented • Hospice founded • HIV identified • Life span 60-70 yrs

  29. 21st Century • Cures for cancer, heart disease being found • Nerves are regenerated to eliminate paralysis • Transplants of every organ (brain) are possible • Life span 90-100 yrs

  30. Summary • When did most of the most significant changes in health care occur? • Why were the greatest advances made in this time period? • What are some possibilities for the future of healthcare?

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