Chapter 11

1. Chapter 11 The Crisis of the Later Middle Ages

2. MUST KNOWs!!! • 800 – Charlemagne is Crowned at Aix-La-Chapelle • Pope Leo III crowns Charles “Emperor of the Romans” uniting present day Germany, France and Italy • 1054 – The Great Schism • Split between the eastern and western halves of Christianity • 1066 – Norman Conquest of England • LAST successful invasion of England by continental army, dramatically changes English culture, language, politics, and diplomacy • 1096-1099 – The First Crusade • Europe’s arguably first collective effort since the collapse of Roman Empire • 1215 – King John signs the Magna Carta • Beginning of “consultative government” – First time a monarch agrees to share power with his nobles, establishing meetings that would become Parliament vs

3. Europe in the Year 1300 AD (14th Cent.)

4. European Middle Ages Historical Context in 8 concise themes • Political/Diplomatic • Monarchy is the only form of government present on the continent. In nearly all cases highly influenced or directly controlled by the Church • Europe is highly divided. Few large organized kingdoms, patchwork of smaller monarchical entities, usually blood relations ensured allegiance • Intellectual/Cultural • Higher learning is controlled by Church. Latin is the language of the learned few. All philosophy takes place within the confines of ecclesiastic thought. • The masses speak vernacular languages, the vast majority of population is illiterate. Culture is transmitted through word of mouth

5. Middle Ages Historical Context • Social/Economic • Society centers itself around agricultural production. Majority of population involved in growing of food. • Feudalism comes to define the social and economic order where peasants are the base of the social pyramid • Artistic/Religious • Art only seeks to exalt the holy. Controlled also by the Church • Most of European Continent follows the Roman Catholic Faith as administered and controlled by the Popes in Rome, Italy.

6. The Great Famine • From the Apocalypse in a Biblia Pauperum illuminated at Erfurt around the time of the Great Famine of 1315–1317. • Death "(Mors") sits astride a lion whose long tail ends in a ball of flame (Hell). Famine ("Fames") points to her hungry mouth

7. The Great famine • Harvest failures over the course of the early 14th Century • Happened mostly in Northern Europe, • Northern France, England, the Low Countries especially in area called Flanders (think BeNeLux), Germany, Scandinavia. • Caused due to “Little Ice Age” that sent temperatures plummeting across Europe • Ineffectual governments provided little relief to the plight of the peasants

8. Genesis 41:29-32 • 29 Behold, there come seven years of great plenty throughout all the land of Egypt: • 30 And there shall arise after them seven years of famine; and all the plenty shall be forgotten in the land of Egypt; and the famine shall consume the land; • 31 And the plenty shall not be known in the land by reason of that famine following; for it shall be very grievous. • 32 And for that the dream was doubled unto Pharaoh twice; it is because the thing is established by God, and God will shortly bring it to pass.

9. French Rulers • Phillip IV (the fair) Louis X (the stubborn) Phillip V (the tall) Charles IV (also the fair)

10. English Rulers • King Edward II Queen Isabella of France Tries to work with Double crossed by Kills King

11. The Black DEATH1346-1353

12. Images of the Black death

13. Giovanni Boccaccio • The Decameron is considered his masterpiece of Italian vernacular literature • Collection of short stories of 10 Florentines over ten days • Decameron is Greek for “ten days” • deka-hmera

14. Questions to answer based on Reading (To be Turned in) • Find the passage where Boccaccio describes the symptoms of Bubonic Plague • 1. What is the first sign of infection? • 2. How does the disease progress? • 3. Where were the symptoms most visible? • Later on in the passage, Boccaccio describes the changes to customs surrounding death • 1. Describe in detail what were the common practices surrounding death in 14th Century Europe? • How did the appearance of pestilence change this practice? What were the changes? How did these changes in burial customs differ along class lines?

15. Consequences of black death • Social • Death haunts the peasants at every turn, leads to a more austere way of life • Economic • Lack of workers drives up wages, food prices plummet • Cultural • Europeans see black death as “divine retribution” • Religious • Church’s best and brightest are killed by plague  leads to incompetent survivors guiding Europe’s strongest institution

16. The Hundred Years’ War ENGLAND FRANCE French Capetian Dynasty died off without male Heir after Charles IV Phillip the VI (the fortunate) is crowned the first King of France of the Valois Dynasty Phillip is crowned in accordance with Salic Law “no woman or her son could succeed to the [French] monarchy” • English kings owed their nominal allegiance to the King of France since William, the Duke of Normandy conquered England in 1066 (i.e. the Norman conquest) • Edward III as Duke of Normandy also held other French territory of Aquitaine • Edward refuses to pledge allegiance to new French king, declares himself rightful King of France as closes living relative

17. The Hundred Years’ War Dynastic Disputes

18. The Hundred Years’ War Early Timeline • 1329: Edward III originally pays homage to Philip VI to retain claim on Aquitaine • 1337: Provocations from newly crowned Philip: confiscates English possessions in Aquitania setting off war • Over time becomes French civil war where vassals became wary of centralizing French power

19. The Hundred Years’ War Economic Factors in Flanders • Triangular trade develops between the English, Flemish, and French • English and Flemish economies become interdependent on commodity of wool • Flemish nobles supported French crown while merchant class supported the English claimants to the French Throne

20. The Hundred Years’ War Early English victories YIELD TO Ultimate French Win • 1346 – Crecy - Decisive victory for the English due to the longbow and first use of cannon artillery in Western Europe • 1415 – Agincourt – English continue to rout French forces • 1419 – English have advanced to the walls of Paris

21. The Hundred Years’ War Jean d’arc – Joan of arc • Born in 1412 • Hears voices • Was instrumental in quashing rumors on legitimacy of the Dauphin • 1429 - Lifted the siege of Orleans • Popular myth surrounding Joan the Maid

22. Consequences of the 100 years’ war • Compounded the after effects of Pestilence and famine • Deaths of soldiers and civilians greatly affects population growth • Expense • England and France both must raise taxes to pay for war debt • England spends over £5 million which today would be worth over £2,733,650,000.00 according to the British National Archives • Broken Promises • Promises of wealth go unkept and spoils of war squandered by returning soldiers

23. Consequences of the 100 years’ war • Development of representative assemblies • Since the war proved so disastrous for English Monarchy, English nobles push for more involvement in government • 1341 – King Edward III acquiesces to nobles: the King of England can no longer tax without the approval of parliament • France – does not develop a national assembly, instead has regional assemblies • French monarchy even weaker in the face of nobles than English monarch • France despite having 1 king was regionally very different and lack cultural and linguistic unity

24. Church Terms and vocabulary • Bull, or Papal Bull – an official statement or promulgation made by the Pope. Bull comes from the Latin word for “seal” as in these letters were stamped with the popes personal seal. • Excommunication – The Church declares a person no longer in communion with the church, limits person’s spiritual rights. Similar to banishment. Form of shaming. • Heretic – A person whose beliefs are strongly in disagreement with established Church belief and custom. Usually also meant implications of collusion with Satan.

25. Papal Tiara Church Hierarchy Last Papal Coronation 1963 College of Cardinals

26. The Babylonian Captivity (1309-1376) Philip IV (the fair)pressures (bullies) Pope Clement V to move the seat of the Catholic Church to Avignon in southern France YOU!!! GO HERE!

27. Babylonian Captivity(1309-1376) • Named after biblical event • Jews are evicted from holy land and taken to Babylon • French seek to control Papacy • Church is disconnected from spiritual and historical home: ROME • Rome is left destitute (poor) • 1377 – Pope Gregory XI returns seat of Papacy and Church to Rome • Romans now demand an Italian pope and that he stay in Rome • 1378 – Pope Urban VI (an Italian) is elected by cardinals with intent to reform church • Becomes almost immediately unpopular due to his stinging critiques and provokations

28. The Western Schism (1378-1418) • Pope Urban VI’s dramatic calls for change cause the college of cardinals to elect another pope in secrecy • Leads to overlapping claims of legitimacy and “antipopes”

30. PAPAL-PALOOZA!!!!

31. Consequences of SCHISM Divided Europe (Surprise surprise) Monarchs now have a choice of which of the many popes to support, usually aligning themselves against their traditional enemies France recognizes French antipope Clement in Avignon along with Castile, Aragon, and Portugal England recognizes Italian pope Urban in Rome along with Holy Roman Emperor • Faith and trust in the Catholic Church reaches all time low • Church leadership looses credibility with kings, nobles, and masses • Opens the door to changing government of the churh

32. The Conciliar movement • Temporal and Spiritual Power questioned • DefensorPacis(The defender of the peace) - Marsiglio of Padua • John Wycliffe – English scholar and theologian • Followers called “lollards” • Jan Hus in Bohemia (modern day Czech Republic) follows in the tradition of Wycliffe • Calls for a simplified church structure • Supremacy rests on scripture not on man • 1414-1418 Council of Constance • Called for by HRE Sigismund • Ended Western Schism by electing Pope Martin V • Jan Hus burned at the stake on accusations of heresy

33. Society in the 14th Century • Craft Guilds • Skilled workers in urban areas band together • Able to control access to lucrative jobs with high entrance fees • Standardized training yields superior products • Enforced monopoly on its product • Marriage • A vehicle for socio/economic advancement • Church forced condition of consent • However most marriages were arranged • Girls were married as early as 12 years old • Men married in their 20s • Prostitution is legalized is many regions • “a socially definable group of women who earn their living primarily or exclusively from the sexual commerce of their bodies”

34. Society in the 14th Century • “Fur Collar” Crime • Nobles resort to crime to raise money after wars • Peasant Revolts • Erupt in Flanders in 1320s • Lasted over 5 years • Mostly over taxation • 1358 Jacquerie in France • Massive French peasant uprising • 1381 Revolt in England • Combination of taxes, plague and war weariness • Revolts are crushed, underlying causes are not resolved • Race and Ethnicity • War and plague cause migration • Slavs and Germanic and Latins live side by side • Notions of racial purity • Beginnings of racial minorities • Vernacular Literature • Dante’s Divine Comedy • Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales