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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. Measurements and Calculations. Scientific Notation. All numbers written as C x 10 e where C is a number between 1 and 10 e is a whole number exponent that identifies the position of the decimal. Measurement.

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 Measurements and Calculations

  2. Scientific Notation • All numbers written as C x 10e • where • C is a number between 1 and 10 • e is a whole number exponent that identifies the position of the decimal

  3. Measurement • Always read a measuring device to the maximum number of digits possible. • Uncertainty – last digit of a measurement is estimated. • Always include the units with a measurement.

  4. Significant Figures • The number of digits that are known accurately plus the doubtful digit for a measurement.

  5. Significant Figures • All non-zero digits are significant. • All zeros between nonzero digits (or significant zeros) are significant. • Zeros used as placeholders are not significant. • all zeros to left of 1st non-zero digit are not significant. (For example 0.0068 -- two sig figs the zeros are placeholders.) • for numbers greater than 1, zeros to the right of last digit are ambiguous if no zeros after decimal point. Assume not significant for this class. • Zeros after last digit are significant for numbers <1 or if they occur after decimal point for number >1.

  6. Exact Numbers • Exact numbers have an unlimited number of significant figures. • 1 dozen = 12 = 12.00 = 12.00000000

  7. Calculations • In multiplication and division, an answer has no more sig figs than the measurement with the least number of sig figs. • In addition and subtraction, the last digit retained in the sum or difference is determined by the position of the first doubtful digit. • When working with exact numbers, measured values determine the number of significant figures. • When rounding off nonsignificant digits round up for 5 and higher, otherwise round down.

  8. Conversion Factors

  9. How many inches are in 6.27 yards? • Answer 226 in

  10. You have just won 2410 nickels in Las Vegas. How many quarters can you get to play with? • Answer 482 quarters

  11. SI Units (Metric system) • Mass kilogram • Length meter • Temperature Kelvin • Time second

  12. Metric prefixes

  13. Convert 4.6 cm to nm. • Convert 750 ml to L.

  14. A glass of orange juice contains 0.85 dL of juice. How many milliliters of orange juice is that? • The recommended daily allowance of phosphorus for an adult male is 800 mg. How many grams of phosphorus are recommended?

  15. A student's height is 175 cm. How tall is the student in meters? • A hummingbird has a mass of 0.55 kg. What is the mass of the hummingbird in grams?

  16. Squared and cubic units • A field of corn has an area of 343.2 km2. What is the area of the field in m2? • A bucket has a volume of 3.54 m3. What is the volume in cm3?

  17. English to Metric Conversion Factors

  18. A person is 60.0 in tall. What is this height in cm? • If someone weighs 80.7 kg, how much is this in pounds?

  19. The daily dose of ampicillin for the treatment of an ear infection is 115 mg/kg body weight. What is the daily dose for a 34-lb toddler?

  20. A person on a diet has been losing weight at the rate of 3.5 lb. per week. If the person has been on the diet for 6 weeks, how many kilograms were lost?

  21. Mercury has a density of 13.6 g per mL. What is the density of mercury in lbs. per gallon?

  22. A plastics manufacturing plant uses 3.3 tons of oil per week. If oil costs $4.65/kg, how much will 1 years worth of oil cost the plastics manufacturer?

  23. Density • Ebony is a dark hard wood. A rectangular piece of ebony has a mass of 522 g and a volume of 435 cm3. Find the density of ebony.

  24. Gasoline has a density of 0.68 g/mL. What is the mass of 90.5 mL of gasoline?

  25. A bottle containing 325 g of cleaning solution has fall and broken on the floor. If the solution in the bottle has a density of 0.850 g/mL, what volume of solution needs to be cleaned up?

  26. A fish tank holds 30.0 gal of water. Using a density of 1.0 g/mL for water, determine the number of pounds of water in the fish tank.

  27. Percent

  28. A sample of sugar weighing 2.47 g contains 0.988 g of carbon. What is the % carbon in sugar?

  29. An introductory chemistry class began with 135 students. Of the original enrollment, 11.1 % received a final grade of A. How many students earned an A?

  30. Water is composed of 11.2% hydrogen and 88.8% oxygen. What mass of water contains 15.0 g of oxygen?

  31. Jodi, a sculptor, has prepared a mold for casting a bronze figure. The figure has a volume of 225 mL. If bronze has a density of 7.8 g/mL and Jodi likes to use 90.0% of the bronze melted (she sometimes spills), how many ounces of bronze does Jodi need to melt in the preparation of the bronze figure.

  32. Temperature and Heat • If you walk outside and the temperature is 30o, will you put on a coat or a bathing suit?

  33. Temperature Conversions • T(oF) = 1.8 T(oC) + 32 • T(oC) = [T(oF) – 32] / 1.8 • T(K) = T(oC) + 273.16

  34. If I set my thermostat at 72oF, what will the temperature be in Celsius?

  35. A young woman recovered from extreme hypothermia, during which her temperature had dropped to 20.6oC. What was her temperature on a. the Fahrenheit scale b. the Kelvin scale

  36. A 4-year-old child has a temperature of 38.7oC. Since high fevers cause convulsions in children, it is recommended that Phenobarbital be given if the temperature exceeds 101.0oF. Should Phenobarbital be given now?

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