Dr. Clarence S. Bayne

1. A Paper on Minority Settlement Strategies : Focus on English Speaking Black Community of Montreal Presented atThe Cultural Communities Conferenceof the The Union Cultural Communities CommitteeMontreal, Qc. December 4 2010 Dr. Clarence S. Bayne Director of the Institute for Community Entrepreneurship and Development, JMSB, Concordia President of the Black Studies Center and the QBBE.

2. ICED • The Institute for Community Entrepreneurship and Development • (ICED)had its beginnings as the Minority Institute in 1993 • It was created by JMSB (Concordia) in response to a call from the University to its Faculties to “Balance the Equation” with respect to minority communities and the distribution of knowledge products in those communities • Two pilot studies on minority community development were • conducted in the English and French speaking Black communities. • These were funded by a private foundation, the Provincial • Government, and teaching resources provided by JMSB. • Later the results were adapted to create a customized community entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship program for the James Bay Cree Regional Authority.: “The Cree-Concordia Entrepreneurial Spirit Program.” • IC ED has adopted a social entrepreneurship approach to assist community development and works from within the framework of • a cultural self-adaptive theory where sharing is facilitated by an information and communication technology.

3. General Purpose of ICED • "Helping visible and immigrant minorities to persist in acquiring skills as successful social and business entrepreneurs; and supporting their initiatives to advance themselves, strengthen and build sustainable healthy communities".

4. Certificate in Office Management of Community-Based Organizations Level II(Administrative Assistants)

5. Graduates Economic Development Officers

6. The Cree-Concordia Training Program Graduates

7. Lessons From the Black Community and Cree Projects • The problems of survival and development of these two kinships groups cannot be solved by simply applying competitive market oriented success strategies borrowed from mainstream society • The market exchange system is only one aspect of the social framework within which different kinship groups develop and plan their survival strategies. • The population space (landscape) is peopled by diverse racial and cultural groups. Different groups occupy different positions in the landscape: face different topographies, have different access to information, and have different information processing capacities; different factor endowments in the form of learned skills and histories, • To understand why some groups survive and strive while others do not do as well, we need to adopt a holistic approach to development. • We need to study the patterns in the demographic changes of multiple kinship groups in the context of the entire social system and its adaptive processes and mechanisms. • We need to see how information is shared between all kinship groups, how learning takes place and the degree of access each group has to resources and the means and capacity for living life beyond the level of mere subsistence. • What are the types of relationships and institutional arrangements that define the system? What forms of operation, learning strategies and capabilities, and social relationships best improve the resiliency of the system, and provide a fair and socially acceptable quality of life for all kinship groups?

8. Canada As a Fitness Landscape • Canada is a biosphere consisting of subspaces supporting life and ensuring the perpetuation of life • The focus is on human life and human activity in this space • The central focus of life is self-preservation and self-perpetuation and improvement. The primal action of man in an environment is a social entrepreneurial action, a survival response captured by his continuous search for food, safety and security, and a purpose. • The human specie through a process of knowledge creation and accumulation has developed many strategic approaches to accomplish this central purpose • Development of self adaptive learning capabilities based on success failure experiences • Through kinship linkages and sharing, Western societies have created cultures (production and spiritual) capable of surviving disastrous events. • Self-adaptive learning model with a cultural change algorithms will help to explain the settlement and development strategies of minorities • Proposition: there is a need in Canada to widen the kinship boundaries along certain dimensions in order to facilitate greater sharing and to achieve a sustainable and socially equitable society.

9. Introducing the Self Adaptive Cultural Change Model: An Abstraction • The fitness landscape concept is about the perpetuation and reproduction of life in an environment. The physical environment has properties and laws that govern its existence. The life species have properties that govern their existence and chances for perpetuating life. • There is conflicting dependencies between the shorter human consumption and production cycles and the longer natural cycles of the life supporting eco-systems that make up the biosphere. • The self adaptive cultural change model will assume two types of spaces: the belief space and the population space. • The belief space is a depository of knowledge: • Situational knowledge • Normative knowledge • The population space is where the species work, play, celebrate, worship and interact with each other in a physical life-supporting environment: • there is an environmental and a social context to this space. • Activities in the population and the belief spaces are linked through acceptance (pragmatic, legal, moral and cognitive/transcendental legitimization ) and influencing (best practices, technology, learned skills, and ingenuity capacity) channels.

10. Agent-Based Modeling of Cultural Change • The next two slide present diagrams taken from an article “Agent-based Modeling of Cultural Change in Swarm Using Cultural Algorithms”. • Authors: Ziad Kobi, Robert G. Reynolds, and Tim Kholer.” • The diagrams illustrate graphically the population and the belief spaces; the flow of knowledge to the belief space from the population space; and the legitimization and feedback of updated accumulated knowledge to influence decision-making and action in the local population space.

11. Belief Space Situational Normative E1 …..…….. E2 E3 Influence Accept Population Local Strategy Local Strategy Local Strategy Local Strategy Local Strategy Local Strategy

12. Belief Space : History of Transactions Global Strategy Accept / Influence Population Local Strategy Local Memory Update Agent Experience

13. Fitness Landscape • The concept of the Fitness landscape as used in ICED facilitates an analysis of the struggle of the species to overcome physical and social barriers to their survival and the improvement of life • It introduces the concept of social entrepreneurship which is very different from the concept of business entrepreneurship (profit accumulation and wealth maximization).

14. The Fitness Landscape

15. Determine level of satisfaction of social and economic needs Determination of socially desirable distribution of wealth among households and kinship groups Determine the level of fitness enjoyed by households and kinship groups compared to some socially cohesive ideal Create communication, production, and improved problem solving and survival strategies Update knowledge in belief space Acceptance function Influence function Households External factor input and labour flows Public Agencies Factors of production Goods and services Market Firms and organizations Population space: a social interactive and exchange space A Multi-agent Cultural Change model as a Competitive Market Democracy with an Open Social System

16. The Fitness Landscape • The wellbeing/welfare function (see notes on previous slide) can be further explored in terms of a fitness landscape model • We will describe Quebec as a landscape or as a region within a larger biosphere system from which it derives a certain capacity to support life. • The possibilities for human existence and the perpetuation of life and the quality of life are challenging and threatened by the uncertainty of negative influencing events. Thus a mapping of total possible outcomes resulting from all human decisions aimed at attaining the best life possible would define a fitness landscape that is multi-dimensional and very difficult to chart • The landscape may have many configurations: relatively smooth undulating features, deep canyons, mountains rising to great peeks and plunging to valleys and rough terrain. Different kinship groups are located at different fitness peaks. • These contours take the form of economic boom and bust, famine, pandemics, floods, storms, earthquakes, wars, degradation of life supporting eco-systems, and the possible disastrous consequences of human activity on the biosphere • Thus the fitness landscape is an environment that offers a range of possible relationships between different kinship groups, organisms, societies in its space. The landscape (Environment) itself may change depending on the nature of these relationships (the structure of the interdependencies)

17. Group Objective is Survival • The task of any group is to search for, find and move to higher fitness peaks on the landscape. • Movement is not a simple task. One needs resources: security and support systems, access to information and knowledge goods, equal opportunity, ingenuity and the determination to succeed. • There are many possible fitness peaks, some of which may already be occupied and reserved exclusively for particular (established) kinship groups. This creates vertical mosaics (John Porter, 1965) that inhibit movement and improvement in the fitness of newer and less established groups. • Moreover, it is not known with certainty whether other peaks exist that offer greater fitness. It is this uncertainty and the urgency of the situation (the need for opportunity to benefit or do good) that motivates the business and social entrepreneur to intensify their search. • The intensity and oligopolistic competitive nature of the search (Baumol, 2005) adds to the complexity and uncertainty in the population space (Homer-Dixon, 2000). • This may create an ingenuity gap (Homer-Dixon, 2000): inadequate supply of new knowledge to construct effective decision search rules (W. H. Tauber, 1969) to reach higher fitness peaks or avoid the disastrous consequences of stagnating on one ( fossil fuel dependent economy)

18. Black Immigrants and the Canadian Fitness Landscape • In 1960 the number of Blacks living in Montreal were 6000, almost all English speaking • By census 2001 the number of Blacks numbered 147 000, approximately 50 000 English speaking from the Caribbean countries and 70 000 Haitians and other French speaking Blacks • Black immigrants faced a hostile fitness landscape. Other minority immigrants face similar environments • In social terms exclusions from the host society, benevolent neglect (Robin Winks, 1971). • The colour line/racial profiling are barriers to better jobs, housing, access to quality use of public spaces, and quality education for young Blacks and other visible minorities. • Ineffective public sector development and integration plan. Low expectations on the part of the host populations

19. The Bottom of the Totem Pole • If Canadian society were like a totem with all things British at the top and all other Europeans graded and fitted into the middle, then Blacks, the First Nations, Asians were at the bottom: in the valleys and foothills of the fitness landscape. • The Vertical Mosaic existed as an experiment in Nation building • Blacks not only entered Canada in large numbers at the bottom of the Totem, but in Quebec the largest numbers came at a time when Quebec was being redefined by the French as being a society that was all French. • Bill 101 was enacted to make French the official language in Quebec in all aspects of life. For some English speaking Blacks from the Caribbean this was equivalent to asking them to live through colonialism twice in a lifetime.

20. Key Issues addressed by the New Organizations • Persistent work over thirty to forty years challenging and engaging the government and private sector to commit to the reduction of discrimination in the labour force • Addressing structural economic weaknesses in the Black Communities: Working in collaboration with provincial Government to create a long term strategy to help Blacks start and sustain successful businesses: a problematic relationship. • Working with school Boards and parents to reduce the drop out rates among Black Youth. Serious obstacles when working with French School Boards. • Creating a net work of support for Black families and Black Organizations • The promotion of Black Culture and the arts through theatre, dance, and festivals (problematic relationships). • Facilitating the full participation of Blacks in Quebec society.

21. Partial Comparative Indicators of Fitness • Participation in the Labour force and comparative employment and unemployment rates are good indicators of the location of a group in the fitness landscape • Historically Blacks have been admitted to Canada and valued for their labour service content. This has effectively been shown by Robins Winks in the “Blacks in Canada”, and James W. St. G Walker (1980) “A History of Blacks in Canada.” Commoditization of Blacks and immigrant minorities need revision. • Improvements in scientific knowledge, and the social sciences have lead to dramatic changes in Canadian normative knowledge (values and sense of right and wrong) • In Canada updated concepts of democracy (The Constitution Act, including Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms, 1980) and race relations make all kinship groups equal under the law and legitimizes their rights to their particular cultures and heritage; equal access to health and education services; and equal access to employment • However, Statistics Canada data continue to show a disturbing picture of inequalities in the comparative level of fitness of immigrant and visible minority kinship groups. • Normative knowledge accumulates but it does not influence change in the population space at an equivalent rate. Racial profiling and discrimination in the job market persist.

22. A Summary Look at the Fitness Story • Studies by Statistics Canada, McGill Consortium, The Quebec Government, and ICED point to a grim situation • The data on employment over the last quarter century show that whether a Black Person was born in Canada or outside of Canada; lived in St John, Halifax, Moncton, Montreal,. Toronto, Vancouver, or elsewhere; an equivalent education profile to Whites or not ( had a certificate, a diploma, a trade, or none of the above). • Whether the person is young or old, male or female that he or she would be more likely than a white person to have lived an entire life exposed to low level jobs and incomes, to be unemployed; he or she would be less likely to own a home; to have started a business; • In the period 2001 – 2006 unemployment among Blacks in Montreal was 21.3 percent compared with 12.2 percent in Toronto • In the same period unemployment rates for Whites( not visible Minorities) was 17.2 percent (Montreal) and 10.1 percent in Toronto. • Blacks in the age group 45-64 experienced unemployment rates between 24-39 percent in Montreal (Nationally 14-18 percent). This compared to 12-16 percent for Whites in Montreal( 8-10 per cent Nationally) • Even during periods of boom the disparity between Blacks and Whites, visible minorities and not visible minorities, remained dramatically different and disfavourable towards Blacks and other visible minorities

23. The Response of the Black Kinship Groups to Exclusion • The rise of social entrepreneurship as part of the search decision rules for improving fitness: the removal of barriers • Black social entrepreneurs in the English speaking sectors attacked the colour line and used the media and public forums to remove anti-social influencing exemplars from the social and belief spaces • Black leaders created social and cultural organizations, mutual societies, religious institutions, educational institutions to assist the community in the struggle for survival and to improve the quality of life. • Black Leadership negotiated with Quebec Provincial and Governments to be included in the Quebec social economy. • Mathieu Da Costa Foundation was an outcome of those negotiations, as well as the creation of a table de concertation during the Bourassa administration. • Vigorous participation in the debates that lead to Aces Egalite laws • Replacement of Mathieu Da Costa by the Black Entrepreneurs Fund and new initiatives to integrate Black communities into the Quebec Social Economy.

24. The social economy may consist of organizational arrangements that are non- profit oriented, civic society organizations, social economy businesses; community based organizations involved in community development; and combinations of all these. That is to say all these forms or combinations (networks and partnerships) may be used purely for the preservation and the perpetuation of life for the kinship group or the largest number of different kinship groups. Black Community social entrepreneurship organizations are concentrated in the public non-profit and community development groupings.

25. The Emergence of Social Entrepreneurship • The next slide illustrates the emergence of a leadership and organizations that define the social entrepreneurships action in of the English Speaking Black Communities of Quebec and the Black Communities across Canada. • This is only a sample of the action. It is not intended to be a complete picture of Black social entrepreneurship as we define the term in this paper.

27. Key Issues addressed by the New Organizations • Persistent work over thirty to forty years challenging and engaging the government and private sector to commit to the reduction of discrimination in the labour force • Addressing structural economic weaknesses in the Black Communities: that is working in collaboration with provincial Government to create a long term strategy to help Blacks start and sustain successful businesses. • Working with school Boards and parents to reduce the drop out rates among Black youth • Creating a net work of support for Black families and Black organizations • The promotion of Black Culture and the arts through theatre, dance, and festivals. • Facilitating the full participation of Blacks in Quebec society

28. Location of ICED in the Cultural Change Model • ICED is a facilitator of learning both in the belief system and at the level of the local kinship groups in the population space • It facilitates communication and collaboration within and between minority kinship groups; and between minority and mainstream kinship groups. • It conducts research, creates and disseminates knowledge • Acts to update cultural knowledge in the belief space • Promotes and encourages the entrepreneurial spirit as a strategy for development

29. A Communication and Planning Chart

30. QBBE-ICED BUSINESS SUMMER SCHOOL 2010 Faculty and studentsSample of presentations

32. Business Type Brizzy Bryce Promotions is a sole proprietorship which is responsible for contracting, the promotional packages, and sales within the venue of choice

33. Elements Deco: Vision & mission statement • Elements Deco: an incorporation registered under the incorporation act of Québec. • Our mission: apply our design expertise to companies and particulars alike. • Implementing a space that reflects their values. • We offer a range of products and services that include: painting, flooring, window treatment, custom furniture and custom artwork.

34. Products & services cont… • Additional elements: Windows, upholstering, flooring, accessories, custom artwork or furniture is charged accordingly. • Custom artwork – complementary to an overall design or theme • Personalized artwork

35. Bella’s Day Spa2010 By Isabelle Reignier

36. Mission StatemenT Bella’s Day Spa’s mission is to run a profitable business by providing aesthetician services in a clean, caring, upscale, and professional environment. We intend to tailor the client's experience based on initial interview information, as well as feedback during the treatments, to ensure the client's comfort and satisfaction. We are thoughtful of the overall experience at our day spa - using only the finest oils and beauty products. Special lighting, music, decor, and textiles are used throughout the spa to complete the comfortable, rich environment and enhance the client's overall spa experience.

37. VISIT ICED PORTAL • A complete one hour presentation of the Summer business program can be viewed at • http://www.icedportal.com/