National Power Grid Indian Experience and International Comparisons

1. National Power Grid Indian Experience and International Comparisons By By Sh. R.P. Singh CHAIRMAN & MANAGING DIRECTOR POWER GRID CORPORATION

2. POWER SYSTEM Vs HUMAN BODY RLDC::Brain Generation :: Heart Sub-Transmission :: Sub-Arteries Transmission :: Main Arteries Distribution :: Capillaries

3. Growth of Power Sector Till independence the electricity requirement were met by local utilities who use to generate and distribute Soon after independence it was recognised that the above model was no longer effective for the growth of power sector to meet the desired development level. Thus state electricity boards were formed with a purpose for integrated development of supply, transmission & distribution of electricity.

4. Growth of Power Sector ..Contd • By mid 60’s it was recognised that states were no longer self sufficient to meet demand & supply gaps mainly on account of uneven disposition of energy resources and scattered load demands. Thus inter state connection started on a limited basis. This also led to creation of regional electricity board which were attached to CEA (in absence of any other Regional or Central Organisation in place). However it was again felt that it would be prudent to shift to regional planning. This gave birth to NTPC,NHPC,NEEPCO etc. • By mid 80’s need arose to address the gaps in transmission system by way of inter connecting the state and regional grid. Thus POWERGRID was formed in 1989 with a mandate to integrate inter-state and inter-regional transmission lines to form a National Grid.

5. Present Status of Indian Power System Installed Capacity - 1,12,000 MW Thermal :71% Hydro : 25% Nuclear: 1% Others : 3% Present Peak Demand – 82,000 MW(Suppressed Demand) Peak Availability – 72,000 MW Energy Deficit – 7%, Peak Shortage – 11% Growth of Demand - 8-9%;Capacity addition slow Investment pattern in Power Sector As a thumb rule investment in transmission and distribution together should be equal to generation.However in reality only 28% has been invested in Transmission & Distribution against 72% in generation

6. Present Status of Indian Power System • Demand Supply Gap :Resulting into • Low Frequency & Low Voltage ,endangering Security and Stability of grid • Difficulty in meeting Peak/Off Peak Demand: • Due to poor Hydro Thermal Mix which is 25:75 against desired 40:60 • Outdated Low Voltage Distribution System contributing towards high T&D losses including technical & commercial • Absence of responsive Consumer’s Grievance Redressal • Dissatisfied customer • Environment of mistrust between SEBs and consumers

7. Steps Required to Improve Indian Power System:Capacity Addition Capacity Addition - 1,00,000MW has been planned by 2012. Key issues to be looked into Pit head Thermal Generating stations Development of high capacity Hydro projects and micro hydro projects Import of Power from neighbouring countries Nuclear generation Distributed Generation Harnessing Non conventional energy Uneven distribution of energy resources – Coal in ER, Hydro in NER & NR posses a major challenge . Need for Integrated Resource Planning, Development of Inter-Regional connections to form a strong National Grid

8. Steps Taken by POWERGRID Development of Inter-Regional links – Completion of 1st phase of National Grid Facilitates transfer of surplus power of Eastern Region to Deficit Northern, Western, Southern Regions Present National Grid – 8,000 MW National Grid by 2012 – 30,000 MW Implementation of State-of-the-Art Unified Load dispatch communication facilities in all the five regions Use of State-of-the-Art technologies – SVC, FACTS, 800 kV, Multi Conductor Configuration, High Temperature Conductor Powergrid has an ambitious investment plan of Rs.71,000 Crs by 2012 through its own resources & private participation

9. TRANSMSISION A NATURAL MONOPOLY

10. Steps Required to Improve Indian Power System:Meeting of Peak/Off Peak Load Load curve of any Grid varies with time of the day Peak Load (evening/morning) Off Peak Load (night) Delhi requirement: Peak Demand(3000 MW) Off Peak Demand(1500 MW) A pool of Hydro/Gas Generation plants to be kept to meet peak demand. Thermal/Nuclear should serve the Base Load During Off Peak Hour Thermal surplus generation relocated to fulfill agriculture requirement which brings economy to agriculture Implementation of time of the day tariff through TOD meters Requirement: Strong National Grid with mechanism to maintain Grid Discipline

11. POWERGRID’S Contribution as a System Operator • POWERGRID is also Responsible for Grid Management / System Operation of the five Regional Load Despatch Centres (RLDCs) . • RLDCs - Responsiblities • Apex Body for Integrated Grid Operation of the Region • Scheduling and Despatch of Electricity on real time basis • Energy Accounting • Supervision and Control of Inter – State Transmission System • Ensure Grid Security and adherence to Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC)

12. Esatblishment of IR Interconnection and Modernisation of RLDCsHas Resulted Into: • Considerable Improvement in System Parameters viz., Frequency & Voltage. • Merit Order Operation, Leading to Overall Economy • Introduction of ABT (Availability Based Tariff), resulting in improved Grid stability • Transparency in grid operation • Quantum leap in Intra and Inter Regional Power Exchange and Trading • Infused Grid Discipline THERE HAS BEEN NO MAJOR GRID DISTURBANCE IN LAST 22 MONTHS

13. Steps Required to Improve Indian Power System: Rejuvenation of State Utilities • Up gradation of Distribution Network • Rural Electrification • Development of Anti Theft measure, Grievance addressing mechanism • Automation of billing • Reduction in Technical Distribution losses by adopting HVDS

14. NATIONAL GRID INDIA vis-à-vis INTERNATIONAL COMPARISION

15. National Grid : China • Six Regional Grid with the installed capacity of more than 350,000 MW • Uneven distribution of Energy resources like India • Coal deposits in north and south-west • Hydro potential in south-west • Load centers located in Central and coastal areas ( South – East) • Need of bulk power transfer over long distance from one region to other • Inter Regional network started in the early 90s with the establishment of first HVDC link of 1200 MW in 1989 • Adopted mixed AC & DC Technology • National Grid expected by 2015-20

16. Regional Inter-connection in 2005

17. Institutional Frame work • State Power Grid Corp & South China Power Grid Corp are main transmission companies with following responsibilities • Transmission System Planning and development by State Power Grid Corporation • Grid operation shall be carried out by Transmission Utility • No separate system operator envisaged. • South China Power Grid and other Distribution Companies shall be the Subsidiaries of State Power Grid Corporation • Regulation : Power Sector under “China Electric Power Regulatory Commission”. • Shall Report Directly to State Council • Shall Issue Licence and solve disputes

18. G G G G G EUROPEAN & SOUTH AFRICAN MODEL T + SO D D D D D This model is followed in UK by NGC, in Norway by Statenett, in Sweden by Svenska Kraftnet, in Finland by Fingrid, in Netherland by Tennet, in Denmark by Eltral/Elkrafts and in South Africa by Eskom.

19. South African Grid • South Africa went a step ahead, establishing interconnection with other neighboring countries • This resulted in optimal utilization of generation resources, improved diversity in fuel usage, increased system reliability and security etc • South African Power Pool (SAPP) was created in Aug 1995 • Members Countries of SAPP:Botswana(BPC), Mozambique(EDM), ANGOLA(EME), MALAWI (ESCOM), RSA(ESKOM), LESOTHO(LEC), NAMIBIA(NAMPOWER), DRC(SNEL), SWIZILAND(SEB), TANZANIA(TANESCO), ZAMBIA(ZESCO), ZIMWABWE(ZESA)

20. Kenya H Gabon Congo Nairobi Rwanda Dem Rep of the Congo Burundi Brazzaville Kinshasa Tanzania H SOUTHERN AFRICAN GRID H Dar es Salaam H H Luanda H Angola Malawi Zambia Mozambique H Lilongwe H H Lusaka H H H H T H H H Harare H H T H H Namibia Zimbabwe Botswana T H Windhoek ET Gaborone ET ET H Pretoria ET ET T ET ET Maputo ET ET ET Johannesburg Mbabane ET ET South Africa Swaziland Hydro station T H P Pumped storage scheme H P Lesotho Thermal Station T H Eskom thermal station ET N Cape Town P

21. United States of America • No Grid integration at National Level • Three Distinct Grid operate in the US • Eastern Interconnection: Covering two-third of United States & Canada • Western Interconnection: Covers Western part of United States, Canadian province of Alberta and British Columbia. • Third Grid covers most of the area of Texas. All the three grids work independently and they are interconnected with few D/C links .

22. G AMERICAN MODEL G G G G G RTO SO T T T SO D D D D D D This model is followed in USA. Based on their California experience, USA is now moving towards TSO model through RTO.

23. 14 August 2003 Black Out • Effected two countries (USA & CANADA) ,eight states, 50 million people and loss of 4 to 10 billion dollars to the exchequer. • Full restoration took one week • US-Canada joint investigation team recommended the need for strengthening the institutional frame work for reliablity management in North America

24. Conclusion • Intregrated approach required for power sector development , emphasis need to be given in all aspects including Generation, Transmission, Sub-Transmission & Distributionon • To ensure maximum capacity utilisation formation of National Grid is must, opputunities beyond National Boundaries should also be explored. • Grid Management of such a size & magnitude requires up-to-date monitoring system at the control centers • Transmission is a Natural monopoly & for effective grid operation it is desirable that development of transmission & grid operation is under taken by same organisation.

25. Thank You Thank You

31. Natural Energy Resources. Hydro Coal

33. National Grid- By 2012

34. RLDCs SYNCHRONOUS OPERATION OF GRIDS 2500 Kms AREA OF 16 lac sq.kms

35. FREQUENCY PROFILE 2002, 2003& 2004

36. COMPARISION OF BANGALORE VOLTAGE-TYPICAL DAY 2003 2004 2002

37. Unscheduled interchange (ui)

38. Growth Of Inter Regional Exchanges