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Echinodermata

Echinodermata. Spiny-Skinned Invertebrates. Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Echinodermata SubClass : Asteroidea Class: Ophiuroidea Class: Holothuroidea Class: Crinoidea. Sea stars Brittle stars Featherstars Sea urchins Sand dollars Sea cucumbers. Examples.

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Echinodermata

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  1. Echinodermata Spiny-Skinned Invertebrates

  2. Domain: Eukarya • Kingdom: Animalia • Phylum: Echinodermata • SubClass: Asteroidea • Class: Ophiuroidea • Class: Holothuroidea • Class: Crinoidea

  3. Sea stars • Brittle stars • Featherstars • Sea urchins • Sand dollars • Sea cucumbers Examples

  4. NO freshwater • Live on rocks or ocean floor • Radial symmetry- body parts extend from center along 5 spokes “pentaradial” • Hard exoskeleton made of calcium carbonate plates • No heart, brain, or eyes • WHY are they classified as more“advanced” than arthropods? • Endoskeleton: • Ossicles- calcium plates Phylum characteristics

  5. Mouth is on oral surface (underside) and anus on aboral

  6. Tube feet called “podia” • Instead of circulatory system network of water filled canals connected to tube feet • Used for gas exchange, feeding, and locomotion • When echinoderms move, they force water into the podia (tube feet) which causes them to expand. Muscles attached to podia cause podia to retract. Expansion and contraction cause movement. • Tube feet are hydraulically controlled • As tube feet press against something, water is withdrawn from them and a suction is created Water vascular system- defining characteristic

  7. Up to 40 arms Sun Star

  8. Sea Stars • Subclasses: Asteriudea and Ophiuroidea • Asteriudea are true sea stars Class Stelleroidea

  9. photo

  10. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YrPaOcr2kUc “Peach”

  11. Spiny skin • No backbone • Endoskeleton made of ossicles. Ossicles form a web under skin • Covered in calcium plates • Oral surface is ventral. Anus is aboral • Typically 5 arms • 2 rows of tube feet with ampulla (bulb like muscles for tube feet) • 2 stomachs- Cardiac and pyloric stomachs. Eat with stomach inside out. carnivores • No intestine • Open circulatory system • No respiratory or excretory organs • Sexual and asexual reproduction Sea star anatomy

  12. No head, brain or blood. Has a nerve ring around mouth and radial nerves running inside each arm • Eyespot on the tip of each arm to sense light and dark • Madreporite- opening to water vascular system. water enters through sieve like plate on aboralsurface • Tube feet • Ambulcaral groove • Central disk Sea star anatomy

  13. Ambulcaral groove- groove containing rows of tube feet used to attach to surfaces • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HPhAGyDceLo Tube feet

  14. Eat clams, mussles, barnacles, coral, sea urchins • Tube feet grip prey • Coelomate body cavity- nutrients absorbed into and moved through cavity • Two stomachs • Cardiac stomach- can be turned inside out through the mouth through a process called eversion • Pyloric stomach- connected to digestive glands in each arm. Where absorption occurs Feeding/digestive system

  15. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rE8l-KFQlhY • Watch the cardiac stomach protrude stomachs

  16. Separate sexes • External fertilization • Eggs and sperm shed into water • Larvae are bilaterally symmetrical • Metamorphosis into pentaradialsymmetry for adults reproduction

  17. Some Sea stars can change their gender when it is convenient to them. • AsterinaGibossa are born male but later they change themselves into females. Also there are some other species of starfish that can change their gender with the change of temperature and it also depends on the availability of food

  18. The female starfish is capable is releasing over 2 million eggs at any one time, although the average amount of eggs that the female starfish releases is closer to 1 million. The eggs released by the female starfish are then fertilized by the male starfish and the fertilized eggs develop into larvae which are able to swim about. Starfish larvae swim for about three weeks before settling and beginning metamorphosis into the more common appearance of the starfish

  19. Regeneration- arms regenerate IF a portion of central disc is attached. Very slow process • Sea stars and sea cucumbers • Makes them very hardy • Form of asexual reproduction regeneration

  20. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7cXeWxxfD4 Regeneration

  21. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TioCree5axI • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xm2mF2IgLrA Sea star anatomy videos

  22. Brittle stars. Also known as serpent sea stars • Thinner arms • Distinct body • Do NOT use tube feet for walking • Instead, tube feet create mucous strand which catch food and move it toward mouth • Will also grab food and bring it to mouth with curled arm Class Ophiuroidea

  23. Brittle star photo

  24. Sea stars have thicker arm. Brittle stars have very thin arms • Brittle stars do not use tube feet for movement Difference between sea star and brittle star

  25. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mj8ZYysrmxU • Brittle star eating clam Brittle star video

  26. http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/keystone-species/?ar_a=1http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/keystone-species/?ar_a=1 • What is a keystone species? Keystone Species

  27. Sea urchins and sand dollars • Herbivores- eat algae Class Echinoidea

  28. Sea urchins- 700 species • Spines are all under individual muscle control • Anus and genital pores on top of sea urchin • Sea urchins have five paired rows of tiny tube feet which are found amongst the spines. The feet of the sea urchin have suckers which help the sea urchin to move about, capture food, and to hold onto the ocean floor Sea urchin

  29. 1. spines- The length and sharpness of an urchin’s spines vary from species to species. Some species have stubby, blunt spines, while other species have long, sharp, venom-filled spines. Razor sharp spines can easily pierce even a thick wetsuit and lodge deep in a diver’s skin. • 2. Many urchin species, such as the purple sea urchin, have an additional defense mechanism called the pedicellarines. The pedicellarines are tiny, jaw-like structures that can clasp onto a diver’s skin and inject a painful poison. The pedicellarines are nestled down between the urchin’s spines, and are difficult for a diver to contact unless he has already impaled himself on the urchin’s spines. • In extreme cases, such as numerous puncture wounds, the relatively small amount of venom from spines and pedicellarines can accumulate to cause severe muscle spasms, faintness, difficulty breathing, and death. 2 lines of defense

  30. flower urchin, have venom-tipped spines that can cause severe pain to careless divers.

  31. The mouth of most sea urchins is made up of five calcium carbonate teeth or jaws, with a fleshy, tongue-like structure within. The entire chewing organ was known as Aristotle's lantern • Aristotle’s Lantern- 5 tooth like plates that point inward Aristotle’s Lantern

  32. Aristotle’s lantern

  33. Sea urchin anatomy

  34. The red sea urchin is the longest living creature on earth, with some living more than 200 years

  35. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3W4OCnHyCs Sea urchin

  36. Sand dollars and heart urchins- “flattened urchins” • Suspension feeders • Spines used for movement. NOT tube feet • 5 pores on body are for gas exchange Sand Dollar

  37. Sand dollar anatomy

  38. The legend of the Sand Dollar...Upon this odd-shaped seashell a legend grand is told,about the life of Jesus, that wondrous tale of old.At its center you will see, there seems to be a star,like the one that led the shepherds and wise men from afar.Around its surface are the marks of nails and thorns and spear,suffered by Christ upon the cross; the wounds show plainly here.But there is also an Easter lily, clear for us to see,the symbol of Christ's resurrection for all eternity.Break the center open, and you will releasethe five white doves awaiting to spread good will and peace “5 Doves”

  39. What are the “five Doves” of the Sand Dollar

  40. The individual pieces of the jaw (aka the Aristotle's Lantern -which are often broken) is probably what you hear rattling around inside when you pick one up off the beach... • OR • The "doves of peace" are the broken fragments of the Aristotle's Lantern, i.e, the jaw the animal used to crush and grind sand. The "Star of Bethlehem" is a neatly dissected, complete jaw from the inside of the sand dollar

  41. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSA09qg2BMY Sand dollar video

  42. Sea cucumbers • Mouth at one end, anus at opposite • Tube feet down one side of organism in 5 areas • When threatened, some sea cucumbers discharge sticky threads to ensnare their enemies. • Ability to eviscerate (expel) their internal organs when attacked. Regenerates expelled organs • Tentacles filter seawater- filter feeders • No ossicles • Soft body • Madreporite is internal Class Holothuroidea

  43. Sea cucumber photo

  44. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXf_YodWw40 Sea cucumber video 2:21

  45. Sea lillies and feather stars • “upside down brittle stars” with ambulacral grooves and mouth directed upward • Suspension feeders • Use tube feet to secrete mucous which traps food • Food is passed down food groove in center of arms • No spines, no madreporite, no pedicellariea Class Crinoidea

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