A Brief History of Drugs

2. A Brief History of Drugs An overview of drug policy and use in the United States from the mid-1800s to the present

3. Drug Scheduling(http://www.usdoj.ov/dea/pubs/scheduling.html) • Schedule I • high potential for abuse • no currently accepted medical use in treatment in U. S. • lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision. • examples:Gamma hydroxy butyrate (GHB), heroin, Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), marijuana, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA/Ecstasy). • Schedule II • high potential for abuse. • currently accepted medical use in treatment in U. S. • abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence. • examples: cocaine, methadone, methamphetamine, morphine, phencyclidine (PCP). • Schedule III • potential for abuse less than Schedules I and II. • currently accepted medical use in treatment in U.S. • abuse may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence. • examples: anabolic steroids, codeine, ketamine, Marinol, some barbiturates

4. Drug Scheduling (cont.) • Schedule IV • low potential for abuse relative to Schedule III. • currently accepted medical use in treatment in U.S. • abuse may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to Schedule III. • examples: fenfluramine, Halcion, Meridia, Rohypnol, Valium. • Schedule V • as Schedule IV but less dangerous • examples: buprenorphine, over-the-counter cough medicines with codeine. Alcohol and nicotine are not scheduled drugs. Neither is salvia divinorum.

5. Scheduling Process • Proceedings may be initiated by • Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) • Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) • Any interested party (drug manufacturer, medical society, public interest group, individual citizen) • Criteria • potential for abuse • currently accepted medical use in the US • international treaties. • DEA (legal)  HHS (scientific/medical) FDANIDApublicDEA • Exceptions to process • International treaties • "to avoid an imminent hazard to the public safety"

6. ...Drug Trade • International illicit drug business: $400B, 8% of international trade • Drug profit margins up to 300%. • Interdiction intercepts 10-15% of heroin, 30% of cocaine. • Estimated 75% of international drug shipments would need to be intercepted to substantially reduce the profitability of drug trafficking. • Profits for pharmaceutical companies 1970-1998 = $81B • Sales for herbal medications = $4B

7. Drug Use in U.S. in 2000-07 (age 12+) Alcohol: 104 million (46.6%) Tobacco: 65.5 million (29.3%) Illicit Drugs: 17.0 million (6.3%)

8. Cost of Substance Abuse - 2008

11. Past Month Illicit Drug Use by Age: 1999-2001 • Increases for youths aged 12-17 and for 18-25 year olds • Increases for marijuana, cocaine, heroin, hallucinogens, pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, and methamphetamine • No changes for 26-34 year olds and for 35 and older adults. • Slight declines noted in LSD and metamphetamine use

12. Drug Use (2002-2007)

13. Drug Use in 12-17 year olds

14. Marijuana Use

16. Illicit Drugs vs. Other Harms • 5 times as many people die from alcohol each year (100K) as from illicit drugs and misuse of legal pharmaceuticals (20K) • 15 times as many people die from poor diets and activity patterns (300K) • 20 times as many people die from tobacco (400K)

17. Drug War... • More than 80% of increase in federal prison population from 1985 to 1995 due to drug convictions, mostly possession • Approximately $8.6 billion per year to keep drug offenders in prison • War budget: ~$100 million in 1972, ~$20 billion in 2002 • Approximately 2/3 of budget goes to law enforcement, 1/3 to treatment • > 1.5 million people arrested on drug charges each year (400K in prison) Federal anti-drug spending, 1981-2009 (in billions)

18. Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics; Department of Justice; FBI; ONDCP Share of possession arrests that are for Percentage of drug arrests targeting Drug offenders behind bars Prison inmates getting drug treatment