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Pediatric Brain Tumors

Pediatric Brain Tumors. By: Aunshka Collins. What is the nervous system?. Central Nervous System (CNS). Brain Control center Movement, speech, m emory, emotion, thoughts Interpretation of s ensory information (i.e., taste, vision, h earing, touch). Central Nervous System (CNS).

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Pediatric Brain Tumors

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  1. Pediatric Brain Tumors By: Aunshka Collins

  2. What is the nervous system?

  3. Central Nervous System (CNS) • Brain • Control center • Movement, speech, memory, emotion, thoughts • Interpretation of sensory information (i.e., taste, vision, hearing, touch)

  4. Central Nervous System (CNS) • Spinal Cord • Main pathway for information connecting the brain and the peripheral nervous system

  5. Overview of Pediatric Brain Tumors • Abnormal growths or masses that occur in the brain tissue • Most common solid tumor in children • Under the age of 15 • Represent about 20% childhood cancers • Treatment and chance of recovery (i.e., prognosis) depends on the tumor: • Type • Location within the brain • Whether it has infiltrated other brain tissue • Child’s age and health

  6. Symptomology • Increased head size in infants • Seizures • Morning headache or headache that goes away after vomiting • Unusual sleepiness • Alterations in vision, hearing and speech • Frequent nausea • Personality changes

  7. Hydrocephalus • Leads to swelling of the brain

  8. Types of Pediatric Tumors The most common types of brain tumors in children are gliomas and medulloblastomas

  9. Something to Remember • Pediatric CNS tumors are not staged • They do not metastasize, except via cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) • Therefore, spinal imaging is required in certain tumors (e.g. medulloblastoma) • How serious a brain tumor is in a child depends on its grade

  10. Pediatric Grading • Grade I and II (low-grade):The tumor grows slowly • Rarely infiltrates into nearby tissues. • Grade II can infiltrate into nearby tissues • Can be cured by surgery • Grade III and IV (high-grade): The tumor grows quickly • Likely to infiltrate into nearby tissue • Grade IV tumors usually cannot be cured/removed by surgery

  11. Astrocytoma • Originate in a particular glia cell, astrocytes • Most common type of glioma • There are four primary types: • Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma (Grade I) • Usually cystic (fluid-filled) and develops in the cerebellum • Surgical removal is often the only treatment necessary • Fibrillary astrocytoma (Grade II) • Infiltrates into the surrounding normal brain tissue • Difficult to remove by surgery difficult • Anaplastic astrocytoma (Grade III) • Glioblastomamultiforme (Grade IV) • This is the most malignant type of astrocytoma • Grows rapidly, increasing pressure in the brain

  12. Juvenile Pilocyticastrocytoma

  13. GlioblastomaMultiforme

  14. Medulloblastoma • Accounts for 15% of brain tumors in children • Form in the cerebellum • Referred to as a infratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) • Can metastasize to the spinal cord • Highly aggressive

  15. Medulloblastoma 4-year-old, presenting with morning vomiting

  16. Brainstem Glioma • Located in the middle of the brainstem • Majority of the tumors cannot be surgically removed • Occur in school-aged children • Symptoms include: • Endocrine problems • Paralysis of nerves/ muscles of the face • Respiratory changes

  17. Brainstem Glioma

  18. Statistics • The American Cancer Society estimates that brain and spinal cord tumors are the second most common cancers in children (after leukemia). • 1 out of 4 childhood cancers • More than 4,000 (CNS) tumors are diagnosed each year in children and teens. • Boys develop these tumors slightly more often than girls. • About 3 out of 4 children with brain tumors (all types combined) survive at least 5 years after being diagnosed. • About 1,310 children younger than 15 years old are expected to die from cancer in 2013.

  19. References • http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childhoodbraintumors.html • http://www.mayoclinic.org/pediatric-brain-tumors/ • http://www.abta.org/pediatric-adolescent/your-childs-brain-tumor.html • http://pediatricneurosurgery.org/diagnosis/brain-tumors • http://www.brainline.org/content/2012/07/can-the-brain-itself-feel-pain.html • http://www.oapublishinglondon.com/article/340 • http://www.charonboat.com/item/12 • http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/neurology_neurosurgery/specialty_areas/brain_tumor/center/pediatric/tumors/ • http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Brain-Tumours-in-Children.htm • http://laccsvivistadasam.blogspot.com/2013/05/fluido-spinale-cerebrale-ha-quattro.html • http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/child-astrocytomas/patient/page1/AllPages • http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/libraries/courses/neuroslides/lab2b/slide067.cfm • http://www.mypacs.net/cases/JUVENILE-PILOCYTIC-ASTROCYTOMA-560716.html • http://220.128.112.10/ftp/3649/misc/940715/eMedicine%20-%20Astrocytoma%20%20Article%20by%20Tobey%20MacDonald,%20MD.htm • http://www.braintumor.org/patients-family-friends/about-brain-tumors/tumor-types/primitive-neuroectodermal.html • http://www.nature.com/nrclinonc/journal/v4/n5/fig_tab/ncponc0794_F1.html • http://www.pubcan.org/printicdotopo.php?id=41 • http://www.mayoclinic.org/medicalprofs/enlargeimage5586.html • http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77391/brainstem/ • http://www.uptodate.com/contents/diffuse-pontine-glioma • http://radiopaedia.org/images/628501 • http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancerinchildren/detailedguide/cancer-in-children-key-statistics • http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/nsdivide.html • http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/spinal.html • http://www.healthcentral.com/chronic-pain/h/spinal-cord-nervous-system.html

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