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CH 2 OH

CH 2 OH. O. H. H. H. OH. H. OH. HO. H. OH. Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates. Structure -C , H, O (1:2:1) carbo - hydr - ate CH 2 O (CH 2 O) x C 6 H 12 O 6 Monomer : monosaccharide. (CH 2 O) x. C 6 H 12 O 6. H. O. C. CH 2 OH. CH 2 OH. C. OH. O. H.

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CH 2 OH

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  1. CH2OH O H H H OH H OH HO H OH Carbohydrates

  2. Carbohydrates • Structure -C, H, O (1:2:1) carbo - hydr - ate CH2O (CH2O)x C6H12O6 • Monomer: monosaccharide (CH2O)x C6H12O6

  3. H O C CH2OH CH2OH C OH O H H O H H H OH H OH H C H HO OH HO HO H H H OH OH H Glyceraldehyde Glucose Ribose Sugars • Most names for sugars end in -ose • Classified by number of carbons • 6C = hexose (glucose) • 5C = pentose (ribose) • 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde) 6 5 3

  4. Sugar structure 5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution Carbons are numbered

  5. CH2OH O H H H OH H OH HO H OH Glucose Simple & complex sugars • Monosaccharides • simple 1 monomer sugars • glucose • Disaccharides • 2 monomers (sugar) • Oligosaccharides (blood groups) • 3-20 monomers • Polysaccharides • large polymers- 20-100s monomers

  6. H2O Building sugars • Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides disaccharide | glucose | glucose | maltose What is the bond called? glycosidiclinkage

  7. Functions: • Fast energy • Energy Storage • Structural material • Raw materials

  8. Polysaccharides • Polymers of sugars • costs little energy to build • easily reversible = release energy • Function: • energy storage • starch (plants) • glycogen (animals) • in liver & muscles • Structure material • Cellulose (plants) • Chitin (Insects Crustaceans Fungi)

  9. Glucose isomers Starch vs Cellulose(stored in animals as glycogen) vs (structural storage in plants) Form determines Function Both are polysaccharides Alpha glucose vs beta glucose

  10. Polysaccharide diversity • Molecular structure determines function in starch in cellulose • isomers of glucose • structure determines function…

  11. Beta Glucose Cellulose • Most abundant organic compound on Earth • herbivores have evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose • most carnivores have not • that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients • cellulose = undigestible roughage

  12. Linear vs. branched polysaccharides slow release starch (plant) energystorage glycogen (animal) fast release

  13. Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

  14. Helpful bacteria • How can herbivores digest cellulose so well? • BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals Caprophage Ruminants

  15. EAT X Questions? Let’s build some Carbohydrates!

  16. Functional groups determine function carbonyl aldehyde carbonyl ketone

  17. Numbered carbons energy stored in C-C bondsharvested in cellular respiration C 6' C O 5' C C 4' 1' C C 3' 2'

  18. Alpha and Beta forms

  19. Polysaccharide diversity • Molecular structure determines function in starch in cellulose • isomers of glucose • structure determines function…

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