The Chemistry of Gases

1. The Chemistry of Gases Unit 4 Chapter 12

2. 12.1 Characteristics of Gases Read Section 12.1 p. 416-422 Classwork: Fill out 12.1 Concept Review

3. Title: Crushed Bottle This bottle was opened at the top of Mount San Jacinto. After it was resealed, it was then brought back down to the bottom of the mountain. Discuss with a neighbor and then write a paragraph explaining why it is crushed. Pre-assessment

4. 12.1 Atmospheric Pressure

5. See p. 422 Write a paragraph explaining what this diagram is telling us.

6. Gases: StandardsKey Word Summarizer (KWS) 4a. Students know the random motion of molecules and their collisions with a surface create the observable pressure on that surface. 4b. Students know the random motion of molecules explains the diffusion of gases.

7. Gases: Standardskey Word Summarizer (KWS) 4c. Students know how to apply the gas laws to relations between the: • Pressure (P) • Temperature (T), and • volume (V) of any amount of an ideal gas or any mixture of ideal gases.

8. Gases: Standardskey Word Summarizer (KWS) 4d. Students know the values and meanings of standard temperature and pressure (STP).

9. Gases: Standards* g. * Students know the kinetic theory of gases relates the absolute temperature of a gas to the average kinetic energy of its molecules or atoms. h. * Students know how to solve problems by using the ideal gas law in the form PV = nRT. i. * Students know how to apply Dalton's law of partial pressures to describe the composition of gases and Graham's law to predict diffusion of gases.

11. Gases Discuss and write down the names of three chemicals which are gases. Demo: Marble + acid Zinc + acid

12. CA Content Standard 4a Students know the random motion of molecules and their collisions with a surface create the observable pressure on that surface. Learning Target: to define what pressure is Teacher Notes: PhET sim: gas properties

13. Properties of gases: • Gases are fluids • Gases have low density • Gases fill whatever container they are in • Gases can be compressed • Why? In a gas, the molecules are moving around quickly and randomly

15. Pressure: caused by molecules striking the wall of a container Pressure = Force / Area The SI unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa) See Fig 6 p. 419 Barometer Video clip: “Barometer – device to calculate air pressure” Notes

16. Writing assignment Title: Barometer See Fig 6 p. 419 Write a paragraph explaining how a barometer works to measure air pressure. Draw a diagram.

17. Some different units of pressure p. 420 See Chem Ref Sheet: Define units

18. Pressure unit conversion Convert a pressure of 225 kPa to atmospheres. ANSWER = 2.22 atm Wanted: bring an empty soda can to class

19. Practice question Convert a pressure of 2 atmospheres to Pascals. (hint: first convert atm to KPa, then convert KPa to Pa) ANS = 202 650 Pa (Extras: Convert the local pressure to Pascals)

20. Warm-up: pressure unit conversion 1. Convert 426 mm mercury pressure to Pascals (Hint: first convert mm Hg to KPa (using conversion factor on Chem Ref Sheet), then convert KPato Pa) ANS = 56795 Pa 2.Convert 12 444 Pascals pressure to mm of mercury. ANS = 93.338 mm Hg

21. Pressure unit conversion Classwork p. 421 #1,2,3,4* Be prepared for a quiz on pressure unit conversions. Suggested practice extras: p. 422 # 8,9,10

22. Worksheet Kinetic Molecular Theory

24. CA Chemistry Standard 4b Students know the random motion of molecules explains the diffusion of gases.

26. Diffusion Read p. 436 Diffusion KWS: Theprocesswhereparticlesmixastheresultoftheirrandommovement The process where particles mix as the result of their random movement Homogenous mixture: same throughout Draw it!! Sim: PhET gas properties

29. Word Game • When the volume of a gas decreases, the pressure increases. • When the temperature of a gas increases, the pressure increases. • Standard Temperature and Pressure is 1.00 atmospheres and 0°C.

30. KWS: Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) standardtemperatureandpressure(stp)isastandardsetofconditionsforexperimentalmeasurementstoallowcomparisonstobemadebetweendifferentsetsofdata. STPis1atmospherepressureand0°C

31. STP Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) is a standard set of conditions for experimental measurements, to allow comparisons to be made between different sets of data. STP is 1 atmosphere pressure and 0°C. p. 420

32. CA Content Standard 4c. Students know how to apply the gas laws to relations between the • Pressure (P) • Temperature (T) • Volume(V) of any amount of an ideal gas or any mixture of ideal gases. Combined Gas Law preview

33. Think about it….. • What happens to the pressure of a gas when the volume is decreased? (reminder: volume is the amount of space something takes up) The pressure increases.

34. Boyle’s Law Pressure and volume are inversely(directly/inversely) proportional

35. Boyle’s Law Why? Think Kinetic Molecular Theory Sim: gas properties

36. Boyle’s Law

37. P1= initial pressure V1= initial volume P2= final pressure V2= final volume Boyle’s Law

38. Boyle’s Law Practice question A sample of gas occupies 523 mL at 1.00atm. The volume of the gas is decreased to 265 mL, while the temperature remains the same. What is the new pressure of the gas? GIVEN: P1 = 1.00 atm V1 = 523 mL V2 = 265 mL T1 = T2 UNKNOWN: P2 = ? atm Prediction: P2 < 1.00 atm OR P2> 1.00 atm

39. Boyle’s Law Equation Start with Combined Gas Law When temperature is constant T1 = T2 P1V1 = P2V2

40. Boyle’s Law Practice question A sample of gas occupies 523 mL at 1.00atm. The volume of the gas is decreased to 265 mL, while the temperature remains the same. What is the new pressure of the gas? P1 = 1.00 atm V1 = 523 mL V2 = 265 mL T1 = T2 UNKNOWN: P2 = ? atm Now, rearrange, substitute and solve….. ANSWER = 1.97 atm

41. Boyle’s Law Practice questions Practice: p. 425 # 1-4 Then, complete Kinetic Molecular Theory worksheet Then, can you figure out Charles’s Law on your own??? P. 428 #1-4

43. CA Content Standard 4c. Students know how to apply the gas laws to relations between the • Pressure (P) • Temperature (T) • Volume(V) of any amount of an ideal gas or any mixture of ideal gases.

44. Charles’s Law: Think about it….. • What happens to the volume of a balloon if the temperature is increased? Volume increases

45. Charles’s Law T↑ V↑ T↓ V↓ (IF pressure is held constant) V and T are directly proportional.

46. Charles’s Law

47. Can be derived from Combined Gas Law, if P1 = P2 T must be converted to Kelvin. Charles’s Law

48. Rearrange eqn to solve for: V2 = ? T2 = ? Charles’s Law(Can be derived from Combined Gas Law)

49. Chem Joke Why shouldn’t you believe in atoms? Because they make up everything 

50. Charles’s Law Practice Problem • A balloon is inflated to 665 mL volume at 27°C. It is immersed in a dry-ice bath at −79°C. What is its volume, assuming the pressure remains constant? First, need to convert the temperatures to Kelvin T1 = 27oC = ?K V1 = 665 mL T2 = -79oC = ?K V2 = ? mL ANS = 430 mL