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PSYCHOLOGY …AND MEDICINE

PSYCHOLOGY …AND MEDICINE. 2nd lecture. Zsolt B. Major - 4081237@t-email.hu. THE SUBJECTS OF PSYCHOLOGY. Just like…. …marbles…. General psychology. Detection / Sensation Perception Attention Memory Learning Imagination Thinking.

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PSYCHOLOGY …AND MEDICINE

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  1. PSYCHOLOGY…AND MEDICINE 2nd lecture Zsolt B. Major - 4081237@t-email.hu

  2. THE SUBJECTS OF PSYCHOLOGY Just like… …marbles…

  3. General psychology • Detection/Sensation • Perception • Attention • Memory • Learning • Imagination • Thinking

  4. Provemeabsoluteclearly, objectively, thatyoureallyexists…

  5. Units – eg. areas in brain Neurons– & it’s network I/0 (basic) Information Synaptic gap + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + Biological funds Neurotransmitters (Stimulators/facilitators vs. Inhibitors)

  6. Detection/Sensetion - Perception Sensory-organs (Special receptors) Perception Physicalstimuli: 1 / 0 Information&MEANING Transduction • luster(light) (electrometic radiation) • sound wave • pressure • heat • chemical substances • eg. rods, • haircells • etc.

  7. Seeing Hearing Smelling Tasting Skinsensation (pressure and temperature) Pain Body Sense Detection/Sensation Sensationsarepsychologicalexperiencesassociatedwithsimplestimuli, thathavenot, asyet, beenendowedwithmeaning Modalities ABSOLU THRESHOLD = the minimum amount of stimulusenergyreliablyregistersonthesensoryorgans DIFFERENCE THRESHOULD = the minimum differencebetweentwostimulithatcan be reliablydistinguishedbythesensoryorgan

  8. Perception – …Meaning - forsurvive… TOP-DOWN PROCESSES:(camefrompreviousexperience, knowledge, expactations…) Let’s find examples!

  9. Signal-detectiontheory Sensation is oftenviewedastheprocess of detecting a signalthat is embeddedinnoise. Insomecase, a signalmay be „falsly” detectedevenwhenonlynoise is present. (False alarm or hit) The differencebetweenhits and falsealarms is a measure of themagnitudeofthestimulu’s effectonthesensoryorgan. The use of signal-detectiontheoryallowstheprocesses of detecting a stimulusto be separatedintotwonumbers: • Representingtheobserver’ssensitivitytothesignal • representingtheobserver’sbiastorespondthatthesignal is present Is there a blob, ornot…?!

  10. Perception…Meaning - forsurvive… Tolocalizeobjects, we must firstseparatethem and organizethemintogroups Lokalization (Gestalt) the slave market with a disappearing bust of Voltaire • Foreground-Background • Figure&ground • Grouping (goodcontinuation, proximity, similarity)

  11. Perception…forsurvive… Distance perception • Monocular(relativesize, cover, relativeheight, linearperspective, motionparallax = looking out thetrainwindow:distantobject’spicturemove more slowlyonthe retina) • Binocular

  12. Anotherexampleforcomplex top-down precesses…: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m9uwB9lPJ5Y

  13. TOP-DOWN PROCESSES – practicalbenefits: Donotrelytoourmemory, thatweleftthe 1 mg syringeinthedrawerwhenweneedit, butverifyit! Wejot down themedicalhistoryimmediately , becauseourmemory is constructive . Exactaskingwhengettingmedicalhistory(„bump” or „collision” rememberingto an accident– seeopen-closedquestionsinpractice!) The patients forget the drug doses for the same reason, follow the instructions inaccurately – topreventthisseealsothepractice! „Positivebenefit”: Differentialdiagnosis = constructivethinking!!

  14. Social psychology

  15. Socialpsychology Perception of socialenvironment • PERCEPTION BY SCHEMAS (Throughschematicprocessing, wepercieve and interpretincominginformationinterms of simplifiedmemorystructurescalledschemas. Schemasaremini-theoriesabouteverydayobjects and eventsthatallowustoprocessinformationefficientlynothavetobuiltupineverymomenttheperceptionbybottomupprocesses…)– („top-down process” = constructive…, and allowusmakingmistakes, misunderstandingsinsocialperception) • FIRST IMPRESSIONThe firstinformationwerecieve (inthefirst 7 second…!) an initialschema and, hence, becomes more powerfulindeterminingourimpressionthandoeslaterinformations… • HALO EFFECTEg. Wesee a Blonde, cutelittlegirl, and wesupposethatshe is smarttoo – comingfromthe „Cute, blondelittlegirlsaregoodgirls, sooftensmart” schemas…

  16. STEREOTYPEis a constantschema, usuallyschema of groupsofpeopleNeedforpredictability… Theyaretoughs Self-protectingmechanism… SELF FULFILLING PROPHECYOnceactivated, stereotypescansetinmotion a chain of behavioralprocessesthatservetodraw out fromourselves and othersbehaviorthatconfirmstheinitialstereotype.The otherpoeplestartstobehavethatway, whatwewerethinkinkgabouthim, how he would…

  17. ATTRIBUTIONS(internal – externalfactors): Attribution is theprocessbywhichweinterpret and explainthebehavior of otherpoeple. One major attributiontask is todecidewethersomeone’sactionshould be attributedtodispositional (person’spersonalityorattitudes) ortosituationalcauses (socialforces, orotherexternalcircumstances) • Fundamentalattributionerror– weareinclinedattachesmore significanceoninternal, dispositionalfactors…(eg. Recruitmentexamtouniversity) • See: Constructiveperception – self-fulfillingprocesses…

  18. INDIVIDUATION= thepossiblesolution Althoughstreteotypesareactivatedautomatically, underthe right conditionstheycan be controlledthrougheffortfulthinking. INDIVIDUATION is theprocess of formingimpressionsofothersbyassessingtheirpersonalqualitiesin a step-by-stepcheckingprocess, which is abouttocheck out ifourstereotypecorrespondeornotwiththeperson’srealbehavior?

  19. STEREOTYPES, ATTRIBUTIONS – practicalbenefits: Consciously pay attention to our appearance – firstimpression…(Topreventthefundamentalattributionalerrorbythepatients…)! Letus be abletoleaveourstreotypes – donotmistakethefundamentalatrributionalerroreg. With a homelesspatient…!)orwith an angrypatient – may be he/she has beenwaitingfor 3 hours… - self-fulfillingprocesses: ifwearehideous, agressivewithhim/her, he/shewillbecamereallyit… Questions…?

  20. Litterature: END of the 2nd lecture Atkinson & Hilgard.: Psychologyp.110-118., 157-167.650-662. Alwaystherelatedcontenttothelecture’stheme! Thank you for your attention!

  21. Perception…for survive… Motion perception • Inducedmovement(themoon „moves” behindtheclouds) • Stroboscopicmotion • Real movement

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