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Prof. N. T. Kim Oanh Facilitator kimoanh@ait.ac.th

High Level Sub-regional Consultation on Advancing Action on SLCPs in Southeast and Northeast Asia 19 August 2014, Bangkok, Thailand. Prof. N. T. Kim Oanh Facilitator kimoanh@ait.ac.th. Source: IPCC AR (2013). Short-lived climate forcers. Short life spans

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Prof. N. T. Kim Oanh Facilitator kimoanh@ait.ac.th

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  1. High Level Sub-regional Consultation on Advancing Action on SLCPs in Southeast and Northeast Asia • 19 August 2014, Bangkok, Thailand Prof. N. T. Kim Oanh Facilitatorkimoanh@ait.ac.th

  2. Source: IPCC AR (2013)

  3. Short-lived climate forcers • Short life spans • Warming agents: black carbon (soot particles), methane, tropospheric ozone, and HCFs • Cooling agents: sulfate, nitrate particles, organic carbon (OC) • These are also toxic air pollutants to human health and ecosystem  short-lived climate forcing pollutants (SLCPs)

  4. SLCP and GWP (on mass-basis) Source: IPCC (1990, 1995, 1996); Bond et al. (2004)

  5. SLCPs from Agricultural Sector • Emission of SLCP from agricultural activities • Potential co-benefit and opportunities of co-control in agricultural sector in Asia Kim Oanh, 2013

  6. Emission from agricultural sector

  7. GHG and air pollution from agricultural sector Other sources: land-use change (forest  crop land  urban areas) * Extracted from EDGAR for 2007 Kim Oanh, 2013

  8. Agricultural measure Agriculture CH4: control emission from livestock (anaerobic digestion of cattle and pig manure) and aeration of flooded paddy) BC: ban field burning Percentage change in anthropogenic emissions of pollutants in 2030 relative to 2005 in scenarios of CH4 , BC and CH4 + BC measures applications Kim Oanh, 2013

  9. Agro-residue field burning • Deliberate burning of various types of crop residue that occurs on-site (field): Rice straw, Corn, Cassava, Groundnut/soil bean, Cotton/jute, Potato, Sorghum, others • Purpose: for faster crop rotation and to ease the harvesting (e.g. sugarcane) • Increasing trend: burning is projected to increase in the short and medium terms Kim Oanh, 2014

  10. Large emission from agro-residue field burning • Uncontrolled and largely incomplete combustion: large emission • Pollutants: PM with BC & OC and gases (CO, NOx, VOC, SO2, NH3, etc.), semi-VOC: pesticides, PAHs, dioxins • Climate forcers: CO2, BC, OC, CH4, and ozone precursors (NOx, HC, CO) • Large amount of emission from crop residue field burning in Asia but is not well quantified

  11. Rice straw field burning in Asia and emission, Gg/y Sources: Gadde et al. 2009; Kanabkaew and Kim Oanh, 2010; Zhang et al. 2008; Permadi and Kim Oanh, 2012 Kim Oanh, 2014

  12. Kim Oanh, 2013

  13. Policy approaches for field burning emission control • Command and control (CAC): ban/restriction • Market based instruments (MBI) • Subsidy on appropriate technologies/equipment for harvesting and residue collection • Markets for the collected residue: bring in additional income to farmers from selling it • Educative/persuasive: • Raising awareness: health effects of burning smoke, mushroom farming • Good practices of sustainable residue management • Community participatory to promote non-burning

  14. Emission reduction of field burning • Develop and implement non-burning alternatives of residue • Change in harvesting technologies • Onsite treatment (incorporate crop residue) • Develop methods for residue collection • Burn only when it is dry and good dispersion Kim Oanh, 2013

  15. NON-BURNING AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN THAILAND (by Dares Kittiyopas, UNEP meeting, 2014) • Utilization of crop residue Development of soil preparation: incorporate crop residue Used Microbial Activator Super LDD2 to accelerate the decomposition of crop residue

  16. Others measures used in Thailand • Produce of the organic fertilizer (organic compost) • Used as animal fodder, or renewable energy • Other purpose: soil mulching material in vegetable production • Educative and regulation (banning) Source: Dares Kittiyopas (2014)

  17. Agroresidue for biomass briquettes/pellets: clean cooking and less open burning • Briquetting: loose biomass residues (sawdust, straw or rice husk)  are converted into high density solid blocks • Biomass briquettes/pellets (very small briquettes) used for cooking and industrial combustion • Sawdust and other woody residues have lignin  good for briquetting • Dry agricultural residues can be used alone but work better when mixed with woody materials.

  18. Thank You!

  19. Facilitator/discussion • An introduction to reducing SLCPs in the agricultural sector (approx. twenty minutes;) • Taking question and answers about experiences with SLCPs in the agricultural sector in Asia (approx. ten minutes); • A facilitated discussion of experiences, lessons, and good practices with participants (approx.. one hour); • A facilitated synthesis over the key findings from the discussion with ideas for the way forward (approx.. thirty minutes); and • Nominating a rapporteur to report findings back to the plenary

  20. Discussion points • Specific sources and SLCPs to be priority of control in Asia • Experiences with SLCPs in the agricultural sector in Asia • Challenges and lessons learned • Good practices

  21. Suggestions from the Group! • Suggestions on actions and implementation plans at national and regional level • Suggestions on stakeholder engagement from inception to implementation • Suggestions on cross-linkages with other CCAC initiatives: • Waste management (agricultural wastes) • Household cooking and domestic heating (agroresidue to fuel) • Agroresidue waste management strategies • Financing mitigation of SLCPs (financing for improved agricultural practices) etc.

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