Anna Freud

1. Young Anna Old Anna Anna Freud 1895-1982 Melanie Schneider Anna and Sigmund Dorothy and Anna

2. Family Tree Martha Bernays Sigmund Freud Ernst Freud (1892) Jean Martin Freud (1889) Anna Freud (1895) Sophie Halberstadt (1893) Oliver Freud (1891) Mathilde • Hollitscher (1887)

3. Berggasse 19 Home Early Family Life (1895–1913) • Before she was born • Siblings • Sigmund Freud • When she was young • Fire • Josephine • She was lonely • Family workings • Anna vs. Sophie • Mother’s favorite • The lisps • Teens to Adulthood • Language • Appendectomy • Travel Anna and Sigmund Freud Sigmund and Martha Freud Family MinnaBernays

4. Suitors and Teaching and Psychoanalysis • Teaching (Elementary School) • June 1914- test apprenticeship • She has a “gift for teaching” • 6 year apprenticeship • She taught at Cottage Lyceum • 1920: she gave up teaching b/c of her uncertain health • Personal Project in Hungry • Psychoanalysis • Identifies with male characters • Oct 1918- started writing poetry • Dec 1919- started writing novel/novella • V.P.S.- 3 stages of a beating strategy • Suitors: • Hans Lampl • Siegfried Bernfeld • August Aichhorn

5. Illness and Death • 1917 • Jan: she started showing symptoms of tuberculosis • 3-week break from teaching b/c of influenza and cough • June: serious ear infection • 1920 • she gave up teaching b/c of her uncertain health • Martha got really ill from pneumonia • Sophie died from influenza • Freud and Anna grew closer • Mathilde “adopted” Heinerle • Anna wanted to “adopt” Ernst, but Freud said no • 1922 • Summer- Anna’s close friend/cousin committed suicide while pregnant, possibly by her lover • 1923 • Freud got cancer and needed surgery Anna and Sophie Freud Sigmund and Anna Freud

6. Her Close Friends and Her Father Friends- • Lou Andreas-Salomé • Speak/theorize in public • Second Mentor • Dorothy Tiffany Burlingham • 1927- Vacations together • 1930- Semmering house • Relationship • Eva Rosenfeld • Foster-care Home • “Twinship” • Jealous of Dorothy Freud- • His sickness • Rome trip • Their relationship • Anna pushed her own desires on others and lived through them –Freud Dorothy and Anna Anna and Sigmund Freud

7. Her Second Analysis and Her Work Max Eitingon and her second analysis: • Two reasons she wanted another • Why not father or Lou • Dorothy’s Analysis • Role v something she wants Her Work: • Easter of 1924- Freuds picked up their practice • 1925 • Anna, Freud, Lou and their Mechanisms • 3rd Year as analysist • Fall 1925- the Burlinghams and Sweetzeners Max Eitingon

8. Anna’s Rise and Nazi Germany • Anna’s Rise- • 1924- 6th member of the Secret Committee • She taught classes at the new Institute in Vienna • Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis • 1927- secretary position of International Psychoanalytic Association • 1935- Psychological Quarterly • 1934-1936- Her first book. • 1936-1937- The Jackson Nursery • What’s Going on in History- • The Hague Congress • May 1922- first outpatient clinic in Berlin (Psychoanalytic Institute) • 1927- Innsbruck International Congress • June 1931- Bank crash • 1933- anti-sematic legislation made Berlin Jewish analysts flee • 1934- German psychoanalysis was considered and “Aryan” business

9. Anna’s Big Works • Her first independent educational experiment • Her first book: The Mechanisms of Defense • 3 main movements • She showed the first edition to her father on his 80th birthday • Spring 1936: International Journal of Psychoanalysis • The Jackson Nursery • Opened in Feb 1937 • This nursery accepted children younger than 2 years old

10. The Freuds’ Escape from Vienna • 1938- • Princess Bonaparte • Mar 13- Vienna Psychoanalytic Society’s 2 decisions • Mar 22- Nazis visit for the second time • Anna was questioned by the Gestapo • Ernest Jones got the Freuds to Vienna • 1939- • February- Freud’s cancer came back with a vengeance. • August- Dorothy moves to New York • September- Freud’s illness leads to his death. Princess Marie Bonaparte New York City 1939

11. Her War Efforts • October 1940- She helps organize a shelter for people who lost their homes due to the bombings. • January 1941- Babies’ Rest Center and New Barn • November 1941- Informal training course is offered for the staff. • February 1942- Another financial crisis. • Anna starts meetings on Wednesdays similar to those of the Vienna Psychoanalytic society.

12. Anna vs. Melanie Klein • Their respective camps were feuding before the war started. • It got worse when Klein thought that Anna’s camp was taking over the British Psychoanalytic Society • Early 1942- Extraordinary Meetings took place to settle the matter. • This effort turned into the Controversial Discussions • March 1943-May 1944- Klein’s camp presented 4 papers defending their side. Anna Freud and Melanie Klein

13. Anna Has a Couple Years… • 3 of 4 of Anna’s aunts were killed, one in Auschwitz • Spring 1946- naturalized in England • October 17th, 1949- Aichhorn dies • 1951- • Early 1951- Anna gets severe bronchitis • Spring- Mathilde and Martin had bronchitis • The Bonapartes had heart troubles • Summer 1951- Martha got sick (90s) • November- she died • June- (minimally) injured a cyst • Fall 1951- Dorothy had reoccurring tuberculosis Anna, Mathilde, and Sophie Freud

14. Anna and Kate Start a Training School • The Clinic opened in 1989 by Anna and her friend Kate Friedlander • Kate already had 3 clinics they used for clinical training • The Training Committee and British Psychoanalytic Society • 1949- Kate dies and Dorothy takes over • Their school was located at 21 Maresfield Gardens • The clinic grew due to the Royal National Institute for the Blind 21 Maresfield Gardens

15. Vienna International Congress in 1971 Anna was fully prepared to fight to make Child Analysis an official recognized psychoanalytic theory and practice. • She met with the European Psychoanalytic Association to call upon all the Child Analysts • The Psychoanalytic Association almost refused to name her Clinic as a “study group” • She was prepared to make Hampstead its own Psychoanalytic Society • The Psychoanalytic Association accepts the Hampstead Clinic as their second official training course • She settled with this because she thought that this was the best she was going to get • She wanted the students who completed her training to automatically become members of IPA like the adult analysis course

16. 1967-1982 • Slowly her friends and family members died. • July 1971- The Freud’s apartment in Berggasse 19 became a museum with the approval of the living 4 children- Anna, Oliver, Martin, and Mathilde • 1973- anna got 2 more years of funding from the National Institute of Mental Health • Marianna Kris got a sizable portion of Marilyn Monroes’ estate when she committed suicide and got to donate it to her choice- Hampstead Clinic • October 1973- Dorothy and Anna got into a car crash and almost died, mainly because they are in their 70s • Anna was diagnosed with an iron deficiency anemia • 1977- she started working on a book consisting of Freud’s papers selected by Anna • In November of 1979, Dorothy died and a year later her close friend Marianna Kris died. • On October 9th 1982, she took her last breath. Berggasse 19 Museum

17. Questions • What do you think Sigmund Freud thought of his daughter and his work? Proud? • What was her greatest accomplishment? • Anna almost always refused to talk to the press. She also rarely talked to people about her personal life or what she was thinking. • How did this help her? • How did this hurt her? • Do you think it helped that Anna was Sigmund Freud’s daughter?  • How?

18. References • Young-Bruehl, E. (2008). Anna Freud: a biography (Second ed.). New Haven (Conn.): Yale University Press. ISBN: 978-0-300-14023-1