Supportive standards comprise 35% of the U. S. History Test 4 (B)

1. Supportive standards comprise 35% of the U. S. History Test 4 (B)

2. Readiness Standard (4)The student understands the emergence of the U. S. as a world power between 1898 and 1920. The Student is expected to: (A) Evaluate American expansion, including acquisitions such as Guam, Hawaii, the Philippines, & Puerto Rico

3. Readiness Standard (4)The student understands the emergence of the U. S. as a world power between 1898 and 1920. The Student is expected to: (A) 1 Evaluate American expansion into Guam

4. Guam The Spanish-American War ended with the Treaty of Paris giving the U.S. Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines from Spain in return for $20 million.

5. Guam In Guam, settlement by foreign ethnic groups was small at first. After World War II showed the strategic value of the island, construction of a huge military base began along with a large influx of people from other parts of the world. Guam today has a very mixed population of 164,000. The indigenous Chamorros make up 37% of the population. The rest of the population consists mostly of whites and Filipinos, with smaller groups of Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, Micronesians, Vietnamese, & Indians. Guam today is almost totally Americanized. The situation is somewhat similar to that in Hawaii, but attempts to change Guam's status as an 'unincorporated' U.S. territory have yet to meet with success.

6. Guam came under US control after the Spanish American War. Guam was a stopping point for US ships sailing to and from the Philippines. In July 21, 1944, the US fought the Battle of Guam and recaptured Guam from the Japanese. After this war, Guam became a territory of the US. The US also granted the Guamanians US citizenship. To this day, Guam receives large amounts of money from the US federal treasury for which Guam pays no taxes.

7. Readiness Standard (4)The student understands the emergence of the U. S. as a world power between 1898 and 1920. The Student is expected to: (A) 2 Evaluate American expansion into Hawaii

8. A shotgun marriage? Readiness Standard (4)The student understands the emergence of the U. S. as a world power between 1898 and 1920. The Student is expected to: (A) 2 Evaluate American expansion into Hawaii Period Cartoons about Hawaii & the U.S.

9. 4 (A) 6 Sanford B. Dole After the Jan. 16, 1893 coup Hawaii was governed by Honolulu-born Sanford Dole, the son of Protestant American missionaries. Longtime resident of Hawaii who, as a lawyer & jurist, opposed the native royal family, supported American immigrants, & advocated westernization of Hawaiian culture & government Walter Q. Gresham was President Grover Cleveland’s Secretary of State. The man with the sign is Joseph Pulitzer of the New York World.

10. Acquisition of Hawaii—the “Crossroads of the Pacific” By 1820, U.S. missionaries had arrived intending to convert the natives to Christianity American planters developed Hawaii’s rich soil and made healthy profits off of sugar production—Hawaii became increasingly dependent economically on the U.S. American planters aided by U. S. Marines overthrew Queen Liliuokalani (right)

11. President McKinley’s administration annexed Hawaii (1898) • McKinley feared that some other power—notably the Japanese that comprised a quarter of Hawaii’s population—might take the islands • U.S. Opponents of annexation worried about the “mongrelization” of the population—In July 1898, in the midst of the excitement of the Spanish-American War, • McKinley annexed Hawaii—McKinley did this through a joint resolution rather than a treaty • The latter required only a majority in both houses while the former required two-thirds support

12. Hawaii A valuable commercial and naval base in the middle of the Pacific A stepping stone on the route to Chinese markets

13. 4 (A) 7 Missionary-ism American Missionaries saw imperialist annexation of Hawaii as an opportunity to convert the heathen natives to Christianity. They viewed native culture disdainfully.

14. Readiness Standard (4)The student understands the emergence of the U. S. as a world power between 1898 and 1920. The Student is expected to: (A) 4 Evaluate American expansion into Puerto Rico ThePuck cartoon endorses the expansionist foreign policy of President William McKinley as “enlightened” and “rational.” The annexation of Hawaii and Puerto Rico (respectively, during and after the Spanish-American War of 1898) are shown as natural increases in the size of the United States, a process that began with the Louisiana Purchase (1803) and continued with the acquisitions of Florida (1821), Texas (1845), California (1848), and Alaska (1867). Note that the Philippines are not mentioned. Uncle Sam rejects the tonic of “Anti-Expansion Policy” 

15. Puerto RicoOn July 25, 1898, during the Spanish-American War, Puerto Rico was invaded by the United States with a landing at Guámoca. As an outcome of the war, Jones-Shafroth Act granted all the inhabitants of Puerto Rico U.S. citizenship in 1917. The U.S. granted Puerto Ricans the right to democratically elect their own governor in 1948. In 1950, the Truman Administration allowed for a democratic referendum in Puerto Rico to determine whether Puerto Ricans desired to draft their own local constitution without affecting the unincorporated territory status with the U.S.A local constitution was approved by a Constitutional Convention on February 6, 1952, ratified by the U.S. Congress, approved by President Truman on July 3 of that year, and proclaimed by Gov. Muñoz Marín on July 25, 1952, the anniversary of the 1898 arrival of U.S. troops. Puerto Rico adopted the name of Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as “Free Associated State”), officially translated into English as Commonwealth, for its body politic.

16. Puerto RicoJust like the Philippines, the United States also gained control of Puerto Rico after the Spanish-American War. A major economic impact of this was that even after independence Puerto Rico stayed dependent on the US. Even though Puerto Rico has its own government, the US supports it economically. Because of America, Puerto Rico is now a democracy. As natural disasters hit the US, Puerto Rico was impoverished.

17. Readiness Standard (4)The student understands the emergence of the U. S. as a world power between 1898 and 1920. The Student is expected to: (A) 3 Evaluate American expansion into the Philippines William McKinley (right) as a circus ringmaster trying to coax a defiant Emilio Aguinaldo to jump through a hoop labeled "Peace"; standing in the background are three figures labeled "Cuba, Porto Rico, [and] Hawaii".

18. Manila Bay U. S. navy under Commodore George Dewey, commander of America’s Asiatic Squadron, steamed from Hong Kong to the Philippines where he sank or captured the entire Spanish fleet

19. Classic Economic Imperialism From Puck: “Who will haul it down?” by Louis Dalrymple. (1899 January 11). Print shows President William McKinley standing on a road leading to the White House at the end of the road, in the background; he is delivering a speech, with a group of newspaper editors and congressmen, to the left and right, who have broken into small groups, talking amongst themselves. In the right foreground, William Jennings Bryan is inflating his “Anti-Annexation Issue for 1900.” American flags are on islands beyond the White House, the flags and/or islands are labeled “Porto Rico, Ladrone Islds., Cuba, Hawaii, [and] Philippine Islds.” At McKinley’s feet is an excerpt from his “Speech at Banquet of Board of Trade and Associated Citizens” in Savannah, December 17th 1898.

20. Classic Economic Imperialism From Puck: “The bugaboo of the anti-expansionist” by Udo Keppler. (1899 January 18). Print shows President William McKinley riding on an elephant driven by Marcus A. Hanna and carrying Russell A. Alger, Nelson Dingley, William R. Day, and William T. Sampson. A second elephant follows, and a group of men that includes “Nelson A. Miles, Theodore Roosevelt, Joseph Wheeler, Fitzhugh Lee, Henry C. Lodge, William R. Shafter, Winfield S. Schley, John T. Morgan, Cushman K. Davis, George Dewey, and others, march alongside under the standard “Imperialism for Ever.’” A group of disgruntled men sit on the roadside, watching the procession. 

21. From Puck: “The dream of the anti-expansionist” Udo Keppler. (1899 April 19). Print shows the dream of an "Anti-Expansionist" where Admiral George Dewey, General Elwell S. Otis, a sailor, and a soldier come ashore in the Philippines to offer their weapons and the American flag in surrender to Emilio Aguinaldo and a poorly armed, ragged, but haughty, group of Filipinos.

22. From Puck: “The Aguinaldo guard” by J.S. Pughe. (1900 October 17). Illustration shows William Jennings Bryan standing in the stirrups of his mount, a donkey labeled “Democracy,” directing the honor guard led by Adlai Stevenson, and including Henry R. Towne, Joseph Pulitzer, and Carl Schurz carrying a large flag with a portrait of Emilio Aguinaldo under the heading “The George Washington of the Philippines.” Also included are Oswald Ottendorfer, Edwin L. Godkin, Bourke Cockran, John Altgeld, and William Sulzer. 

23. From Puck: “The flag must stay put” by J.S. Pughe. (1902 June 4). Illustration shows George F. Hoar, Carl Schurz, David B. Hill, and former Massachusetts Governor George S. Boutwell, anti-expansionists, placing their “Anti-Expansion Speech” at the feet of a huge American soldier holding a rifle and the American flag, while opposite them Filipinos place guns and swords at the soldier's feet. Caption: The American Filipinos and the Native Flipinos will have to submit.

24. The Presidential View While McKinley sympathized with the Filipino desire for independence, he feared that one of the European imperialist nations might move into the Philippines. Since he did not believe the Filipino people were ready for self-government,--a reflection of the racism of the times—the president saw no other choice but to annex and govern the archipelago until its people were ready to govern themselves.

25. Critics of Annexation of the Philippines By terms of the treaty signed by the Spanish on December 10, 1898, the U.S. paid $20 million for the Philippines. However, treaty ratification in the U.S. Senate precipitated a hailstorm of debate. Those in and out of the Senate resisted annexation for a host of different reasons. #1 Annexation violated the very principles of independence and self-determination on which the U.S. was founded #2 Some people warned about “half-breeds and semi-barbaric people” who might undercut wages and unionism #3 The Constitution had no provision for ruling colonies #4 Some argued that imposition of tyranny abroad would ultimately lead to tyranny at home

26. Among the Critics William James Carnegie so objected to the annexation of the Philippines that he actually offered to purchase Filipino independence for no less than $20—the very price the U.S. government paid to Spain for the annexation of the area. Jane Addams Samuel Gompers

27. William Jennings Bryan (left) asserted that “this nation cannot endure half a republic and half a colony—half free and half vassal.” Ironically, Bryan—who held deeply pacifist convictions—had supported the Spanish-American War at its onset and even took command of a volunteer regiment from his home state, Nebraska

28. Comparison of the Spanish-American War of 1898 and the Philippine-American War of 1898-1902 Spanish-American War Philippine-American War President McKinley called for 125,000 volunteers to augment the 28,000 already in the regular army Four times the number of U.S. soldiers used in the Philippines as in Cuba Filipinos adopted guerilla tactics ruling the night while the U.S. ruled the day Traditional warfare European soldiers from Spain For the first time, the U.S. fights men of color in Asia

29. 5,500 Americans killed in war 4,300 U.S. lives vs. 50,000-200,000 Filipino lives War’s Goal: bring freedom to the subjects of imperial Spain Wars Goal: implement annexation of Philippines and establish imperial government Qualified independence received by Cuba American occupation followed by government of the Philippines lasting till July 4, 1946.

30. Classic Economic Imperialism From Puck: “St. Louis’s object lesson to anti-expansionists” by Udo Keppler. (April 15, 1903 ). Illustration shows a statue of Thomas Jefferson labeled “Thomas Jefferson The Father of Expansion” at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in Saint Louis, Missouri, with Puck directing the attention of George F. Hoar and other anti-expansionists Edward Atkinson, Carl Schurz, and Charles F. Adams who look on in disbelief. 

31. How American Expansion of the 1890s Differed from Past U.S. Expansion • America had been expanding virtually from its birth • Previous expansion had been contiguous • Territories taken in 1890s were less for settlement than as naval bases, trading outposts, & commercial centers on major trade routes • The new territories were not so much “states-in-the-making” as colonies

32. Movement away from traditional American isolationism was the result of the filling of the American continent by the U. S. A. and increasing trade which drew the United States into world affairs.

33. Classic Economic Imperialism “Factories and farms multiplied, producing more goods than the domestic market could consume. Both farmers and industrialists looked for new overseas markets, and the growing volume of exports. . . changed the nature of American trade relations with the world.”

34. Territories Acquired by the U.S. as a Result of the Spanish-American War Setting the stage . . . . . . for tapping the Chinese Market-place The Philippine Islands Puerto Rico

35. The U. S. joined the Euro-pean powers . . . . . . claiming its right to share in the lucrative profits

37. Meanwhile, humanitarianism also played a part The U.S. wanted two things: Equal commercial opportunity Respect for Chinese independence The relatively transparent purpose of the Open Door Notes sent by Secretary of State Hay was to keep China independent and open to trade from all nations. As the cartoon to the left suggests, U.S. policy also sought to preserve at least a modicum of Chinese sovereignty.

38. From all appearances . . . See also 4 (A) 2 U. S. expansionism Uncle Sam (US) is seen disciplining new additions to the American Empire:Puerto Rico, Cuba, Hawaii, and the Philippines. Uncle Sam & John Bull were joining forces to rule the world A cartoon in the Chicago Tribune portrayed Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines as dirty and backwards children knocking on Uncle Sam’s door. The blackboard in the back says, “the U.S. must govern these territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves.”

39. Does the Constitution Follow the Flag? Do the inhabitants of U.S. colonies have the same rights as American citizens? Ironically, in general principle, this was the very question asked by the Founding Fathers when they were denied their demand of “No taxation without representation.” Elihu Root, Secretary of War(1899-1904), wryly noted, “as near as I can make out the Constitution does follow the flag—but doesn’t quite catch up with it.”

40. Impacts on American Foreign Policy Into the 20th Century • McKinley, riding a wave of patriotism generated from success in the war, successfully defends against William Jennings Byran’s anti-imperialist campaign in the election of 1900 • The U.S. has become an imperial power and, with that turn of events, assumes the role of instructor of the peoples now newly under American rule • It now dealt on equal terms with Europe • It dominated the Western Hemisphere • It was a major power in Asia

41. Fini