American Urbanization and Industrialization: Opportunities and Challenges

1. SOL USII.4 Urbanization And Industrialization

2. Westward Migration • New opportunities and technological advances led to westward expansion following the Civil War.

3. Reasons for Westward Expansion • Opportunities for land ownership • Technological advances, including the Transcontinental Railroad • Possibility of wealth created by the discovery of gold and silver • Adventure • A new beginning for former slaves http://content.lib.washington.edu/laroche/image/273.jpg

4. Reasons for Increased Immigration • Hope for better opportunity • Religious freedom • Escape from oppressive governments • Adventure http://www.edu.pe.ca/southernkings/Pictures/plain1.jpg

5. Development of Cities • Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions produced interaction and often conflict between different cultural groups. • Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions produced problems in urban areas.

6. Transportation http://www.cable-car-guy.com/images/tacoma_003.jpg http://images.businessweek.com/ss/06/01/auto_bday/image/car_right.jpg • Cable cars invented by Andrew Hallidie • Electric trolley railways invented by Frank Sprague and used in Richmond, Virginia • Invention of the gas powered automobile in 1893

7. Communications http://www.wrvmuseum.org/morsecode/images/samuel_morse_telegraph.jpg • The development of the telegraph by Samuel Morse • Lighting and mechanical uses of electricity by Thomas Edison http://blogs.abcnews.com/scienceandsociety/images/edison_light_bulb.jpg

8. Communications • Telephone service developed by Alexander Graham Bell • Typewriter and adding machine http://www.solarnavigator.net/inventors/inventor_images/alexander_graham_bell_1876_speaking_into_telephone.jpg http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/education/museum/images/pictures/artifacts3_big.jpg

9. Reasons Why Cities Developed • Specialized industries including steel (Pittsburgh), meat packing (Chicago) • Boston (textiles), New York City (clothing), Cleveland (steel), Philadelphia (shipbuilding) • Immigration from other countries • Movement of Americans from rural to urban areas for job opportunities http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/GB-7925.jpg http://www.marinelog.com/IMAGESMMVI/akerfloatout.jpg

10. Challenges Faced by Cities • Rapid industrialization and urbanization led to overcrowded immigrant neighborhoods and tenements • Tenements and ghettos • Political corruption (political machines) http://edweb.sdsu.edu/ltca/Industrial/crowdedcity.jpg

11. Inventions • Inventions had both positive and negative effects on society. • Inventions contributed to great change and industrial growth.

12. Manufacturing and Processing • Bessemer process of mass producing steel http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Henry_Bessemer.jpg http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/6/61/Bessemer_converter.jpg

13. Manufacturing and Processing http://www.scripophily.com/webcart/vigs/phildelphiaandbostonpetroleumvig.jpg http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=42711&rendTypeId=4 • Production of steel by Andrew Carnegie

14. Manufacturing and Processing • The division of labor that resulted from Eli Whitney’s development of interchangeable parts http://z.about.com/d/inventors/1/5/p/W/eli_whitney.jpg http://www.explorenewengland.com/travel/explorene/connecticut/blog/052006pic1.JPG

15. Manufacturing and Processing • Oil refining by Samuel Kier in Pennsylvania http://www.history.rochester.edu/fuels/tarbell/KIER.JPG http://www.4to40.com/images/earth/science/petroleum/oil_extracting_machinery_derrick.jpg

16. Architecture • Suspension bridges and skyscrapers

17. Efforts to Solve Immigration Problems • Settlement houses, such as Hull House, founded by Jane Addams • Political machines that gained power by attending to the needs of new immigrants (i.e., jobs, housing) http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Landmarks/images/landmarks/h/hull1a.gif

18. Interaction & Conflict Between Different Cultural Groups • Indian policies and wars • Reservations (public land set aside by the government to be used for a certain group of people)

19. Interaction & Conflict Between Different Cultural Groups • Battle of Little Bighorn http://www.americaslibrary.gov/as/jb/recon/jb_recon_custer_1_e.jpgsets

20. Interaction & Conflict Between Different Cultural Groups • Chief Joseph When Chief Joseph surrendered, he declared “Hear me my chiefs! I am tired! My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever!” http://nativeamericanrhymes.com/chiefs/images/joseph350.jpg

21. Interaction & Conflict Between Different Cultural Groups • Discrimination against immigrants (Chinese and Irish) • Nativists were American citizens who believed immigrants were inferior http://www.assumption.edu/ahc/Irish/Irish_emigrants_Mersey.jpg

22. Discrimination • Discrimination against African Americans continued after Reconstruction. • “Jim Crow” laws institutionalized a system of legal segregation. • Other groups experienced discrimination. Groups such as the American Protective Association was made up of Nativists who did not trust immigrants as well as other American citizens. http://www.africanamericans.com/images2/JimCrowSegregated.jpg

23. Racial Segregation • Based on race • Directed primarily against African Americans, but other groups were also kept segregated • “Jim Crow” laws were passed to discriminate against African Americans

24. “Jim Crow” Laws • Made discrimination practices legal in many communities and states • Were characterized by unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government http://literacyrules.com/Black%20History/TheJimCrowLaws-Front.jpg

25. African Americans differed in their responses to discrimination and “Jim Crow.”

26. How did African Americans Respond? • Booker T. Washington • Believed equality could be achieved through vocational education; accepted social separation • Atlanta Compromise: 1895, Booker T. Washington gave a speech in which he stated that African Americans should accept the “separate but equal” doctrine and learn trades to improve their lives. http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=70963&rendTypeId=4

27. How did African Americans Respond? • W.E.B. Du Bois • Believed in full political, civil, and social rights for African Americans. He believed those rights should be given to African Americans immediately. • Niagara Movement: in 1905, Du Bois and others demanded an end to racial segregation. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/WEB_DuBois_1918.jpg/250px-WEB_DuBois_1918.jpg

28. Move to Industry • Between the Civil War and World War I, the United States was transformed from an agricultural to an industrial nation.

29. Reasons for Rise and Prosperity of Big Business • National markets created by transportation advances • Captains of industry (John D. Rockefeller, oil; Andrew Carnegie, steel, Henry Ford, automobile) • Advertising • Lower-cost production

30. Factors Resulting in the Growth of Industry • Access to raw materials and energy • Availability of work force • Inventions • Financial resources

31. Examples of Big Business • Railroads • Steel • Oil

32. Examples of Big Business http://www.scripophily.com/webcart/vigs/ussteelvigb.jpg http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/images/1245.jpg http://www.historycentral.com/rec/StandardOilCo.jpg

33. Postwar Changes in Farm and City Life • Mechanization (i.e., the reaper) had reduced farm labor needs and increased production • Industrial development in cities created increased labor needs • Industrialization provided access to consumer goods (i.e., mail order) http://www.lib.niu.edu/ipo/1992/ihy9212051a.jpg http://exhibits.mannlib.cornell.edu/prefabhousing/images/large/Sears2.jpg

34. Progressive Movement The effects of industrialization led to the rise of organized labor and important workplace reforms.

35. Progressive Movement Workplace Reforms • Improved safety conditions • Reduced work hours • Placed restrictions on child labor

36. Negative Effects of Industrialization • Child labor • Low wages, long hours • Unsafe working conditions http://www.icsd.k12.ny.us/acs/library/ushistory/laborwebquest/images/child_labor.jpg

37. Rise of Organized Labor • Formation of union: American Federation of Labor • Strikes: Homestead Strike • Legislation was passed and reforms became a reality that eliminated child labor, unsafe working conditions, excessive hours of work, and created worker management arbitration (discussing problems and reaching an agreement) http://www.legendsofamerica.com/photos-americanhistory/HomesteadRiot1892.jpg

38. Women’s Suffrage • Increased educational opportunities • Attained voting rights: Women gained the right to vote with the passage of the 19th Amendment; Susan B. Anthony worked for women’s suffrage. http://z.about.com/d/womenshistory/1/0/D/1/sbanthony_hws_400w.jpg http://kids.americancorners.or.kr/ENG/images/05_history_07_02_03.jpg

39. Temperance Movement • Composed of groups opposed to the making and consumption of alcohol. The rationale was that liquor caused poverty and social disorder. • Supported the 18th Amendment which prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcohol. http://i.b5z.net/i/u/895699/i/VDP_-prohibition-poster_ezr.JPG