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Learning. Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Modeling,. Classical Conditioning PAVLOV. Pavlov labeled things in his experiment: Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): An event/object that causes a predictable response WITHOUT training (the food)

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Learning

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  1. Learning Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Modeling,

  2. Classical ConditioningPAVLOV • Pavlov labeled things in his experiment: • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): An event/object that causes a predictable response WITHOUT training (the food) • Unconditioned Response (UCR): The reaction that occurs automatically when the UCS is present (salivating) • *These occur NATURALLY and require NO conditioning!!!

  3. Classical Conditioning Pavlov • Pavlov added things to his experiment: • Neutral Stimulus: An event/object that DOES NOT cause the UCR (bell BEFORE conditioning) • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): the neutral stimulus AFTER conditioning. Causes the CR (the bell AFTER conditioning) • Conditioned Response (CR):the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (salivation at the BELL, not food) • *Be aware that the CR and the CS are AFTER conditioning even though they are similar to the UCR and UCS

  4. General principles • Generalization: occurs when an animal response to a second stimulus similar to the original CS (dog salivates to ALL bells regardless of tone) • Discrimination: occurs when an animal can tell the difference between stimuli (dog only salivates at large bells, but not small ones) • Extinction: occurs when an animal no longer responds to the CS (bell is rung too many times without giving food)

  5. Office Pavlov

  6. Operant conditioning • Operant Conditioning: learning from the consequencesof behavior. Designed by B.F. Skinner • Uses a combination of rewards and punishments • Subject can affect their environment, unlike classical conditioning

  7. Operant Conditioning • Positive/Negative: In OC, positive=adding(+) and negative=subtracting(-). REMEMBER THIS!!! • Reinforcement: a stimulus or event that INCREASES the likelihood of a behavior occurring again (↑). DOES NOT MEAN REWARD!!! • Positive Reinforcement: Adding a good stimulus (reward) • EX: Do the dog trick, get a doggy treat • Negative Reinforcement: Subtracting a bad stimulus (escape) • EX: Child whines, remove the punishment (spoiling)

  8. Operant Conditioning • Punishment: a stimulus or event that DECREASES the likelihood of a behavior occurring again (↓). • Positive Punishment: Adding a bad stimulus (punishment) • EX: If you bark, you get shocked • Negative Punishment: Subtracting a good stimulus (penalty) • EX: Being grounded from the TV

  9. (REWARD) (ESCAPE) (PUNISHMENT) (PENALTY)

  10. Big bang theory example • Big Bang Theory: Operant Conditioning

  11. Operant Conditioning Help • Positive/Negative? Reinforcement/Punishment Repeat behavior? = Reinforcement Adding = Positive No repeat? = Punishment Subtracting = Negative

  12. Types of Reinforcers • Primary Reinforcers: satisfy or reduce a basic human need, such as hunger • EX: Food, water, or shelter • Secondary Reinforcers:a stimulus that becomes reinforcing through its link with a primary reinforcer • EX: Money, good grades, poker chips

  13. Learning Factors • Feedback: finding out the results of an action or performance • EX: Getting advice from a coach • Transfer: the effects of past learning on the ability to learn new tasks • Positive Transfer: when previous skills help learn new tasks • EX: Playing a new video game w/ the same skills as an old one • Negative Transfer: when previous skills hurt the learning of new skills • EX: Driving in England

  14. Learning Factors • Practice:the repetition of tasks in order to make the skill/action more smooth and fluent • Physical Practice: physically repeating a task/action • EX: Shooting from the free throw line over and over • Mental Practice: imagining yourself doing a task/action • EX: Imagining taking a three pointer

  15. practice • Feedback Transfer Practice

  16. Modeling • Social Learning Theory: A theory by Albert Bandura. People learn by observing others and “model” their behavior. • Bandura’s Experiment: • Show children a video of an adult demonstrating violent behavior to a doll • Put children into a room with the doll • See if the children behave violently • Bandura Experiment

  17. Modeling • Three kinds of Modeling: • Follower: you do what everyone else is doing. NO learning takes place. • EX: Clapping during a speech if everyone does it • Imitation: Also called Observational Learning. You watch a behavior and imitate it. You can now do something that you previously could not. LEARNING takes place • EX: Learning a magic trick • Disinhibition: observing someone doing a threatening activity with no punishment, the observer is more likely to try the activity • EX: Snake phobia

  18. practice • Follower Imitation Disinhibition

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