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Thinking & Language

Thinking & Language . Chapter 10 . Chapter 10: Outline . 1. Thinking 2. Language 3. Thinking and Language 4. Animal Thinking and Language . 1. Thinking. Cognition Cognitive Psychologists. 1. Thinking. A. Concepts Concepts : Prototypes : . 1. Thinking. B. Solving Problems

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Thinking & Language

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  1. Thinking & Language Chapter 10

  2. Chapter 10: Outline • 1. Thinking • 2. Language • 3. Thinking and Language • 4. Animal Thinking and Language

  3. 1. Thinking • Cognition • Cognitive Psychologists

  4. 1. Thinking • A. Concepts • Concepts: • Prototypes:

  5. 1. Thinking • B. Solving Problems • Ways to solve problems: • Trial & Error: • Algorithm: • Heuristics: • Insight:

  6. 1. Thinking • B. Solving Problems • Obstacles to problem solving: • Confirmation Bias: • Fixation: • Mental Set: • Functional Fixedness:

  7. Functional Fixedness: The Candle-Mounting Problem • Using these materials, how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board?

  8. Functional Fixedness: The Candle-Mounting Problem • Solving this problem requires recognizing that a box need not always serve as a container

  9. 1. Thinking • C. Making Decisions and forming Judgments • Using and Misusing Heuristics: • Representativeness heuristics: • Availability heuristic:

  10. 1. Thinking • C. Making Decisions and forming Judgments • Overconfidence: • Framing:

  11. 1. Thinking • D. Belief Bias • Belief Bias: • Belief Perseverance:

  12. 1. Thinking • E. Simulating Thinking with Artificial intelligence • Artificial Intelligence:

  13. 1. Thinking • E. Simulating Thinking with Artificial intelligence • Computer Neural Networks:

  14. 2. Language • Our spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning • A. Language Structure • Phonemes:

  15. 2. Language • A. Language Structure • Morpheme:

  16. 2. Language • A. Language Structure • Grammar: • Semantics: • Syntax:

  17. 2. Language • B. Language Development Acquiring Language • Babbling stage: • One word stage:

  18. 2. Language • B. Language Development Acquiring Language • Two word stage: • Telegraphic speech:

  19. Summary of Language Development Month (approximate) Stage Babbles many speech sounds. 4 Babbling reveals households language. 10 12 One-word stage. 24 Two-world, telegraphic speech. 24+ Language develops rapidly into complete sentences. 2. Language

  20. 2. Language • B. Language Development Explaining Language Development • Skinner: Operant Learning • Chomsky: Inborn Universal Grammar

  21. 2. Language • B. Language Development Explaining Language Development • Cognitive Neuroscientists: Statistical Learning

  22. 2. Language • Genes design the mechanisms for a language, and experience activates them as it modifies the brain

  23. Percentage correct on grammar test 100 90 80 70 60 50 Native 3-7 8-10 11-15 17-39 Age at school 2. Language • New language learning gets harder with age

  24. 3. Thinking & Language • A. Language Influences Thinking • Linguistic determinism: • Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think • B. Language without Thinking • Our thinking affects our language which then affects our thought

  25. 4. Animal Thinking & Language • A. Do Animals Think? YES • B. Do Animals Exhibit Language?

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