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CS 188: Artificial Intelligence Spring 2007

CS 188: Artificial Intelligence Spring 2007. Lecture 25: Machine Translation 4/24/2007. Srini Narayanan – ICSI and UC Berkeley. Announcements. Assignment 7 is up. Grid-world and robot crawler. Due 5/3. Extra Office Hours first two weeks of May This week as usual Thursday 11-1 PM

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CS 188: Artificial Intelligence Spring 2007

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  1. CS 188: Artificial IntelligenceSpring 2007 Lecture 25: Machine Translation 4/24/2007 Srini Narayanan – ICSI and UC Berkeley

  2. Announcements • Assignment 7 is up. • Grid-world and robot crawler. • Due 5/3. • Extra Office Hours first two weeks of May • This week as usual Thursday 11-1 PM • 5/2 extra (Tuesday 11-1 PM) • 5/3 usual 11-1 PM • Next assignment (not graded) will be a final exam review.

  3. Reinforcement Learning • What you should know • MDPs • Basics, discounted reward • Policy Evaluation • Bellman’s equation • Value iteration • Policy iteration • Reinforcement Learning • Adaptive Dynamic Programming • TD learning (Model-free) • Q Learning

  4. Where we are • Past: • Basic Techniques of AI • Search, Representation, Uncertainty and Inference, Learning • Next • Applications • MT, NLU (this week) • Neural Computation, Perception (next week). • Today: Machine Translation (MT) • (Semi) Automatically translating text/speech from one language to another.

  5. Translation is hard • In a Bucharest hotel lobby. • The lift is being fixed for the next day. During that time we regret that you will be unbearable. • In a Paris hotel elevator: • Please leave your values at the front desk. • In a hotel in Athens: • Visitors are expected to complain at the office between the hours of 9 and 11 a.m. daily. • In a Japanese hotel: • You are invited to take advantage of the chambermaid. • In the lobby of a Moscow hotel across from a Russian Orthodox monastery: • You are welcome to visit the cemetery where famous Russian and Soviet composers, artists, and writers are buried daily except Thursday.

  6. MT History • 1946 (Pre-AI) Booth and Weaver discuss MT at Rockefeller foundation in New York; • 1947-48 idea of dictionary-based direct translation • 1949 Weaver memorandum popularized idea • 1952 all 18 MT researchers in world meet at MIT • 1954 IBM/Georgetown Demo Russian-English MT • 1955-65 lots of labs take up MT

  7. Early translation problems • English to Russian to English • The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak. • The vodka is good but the meat is rotten.

  8. History of MT: Pessimism • 1959/1960: Bar-Hillel “Report on the state of MT in US and GB” • Argued FAHQT too hard (semantic ambiguity, etc) • Should work on semi-automatic instead of automatic • His argumentLittle John was looking for his toy box. Finally, he found it. The box was in the pen. John was very happy. • Only human knowledge let’s us know that ‘playpens’ are bigger than boxes, but ‘writing pens’ are smaller • His claim: we would have to encode all of human knowledge

  9. History of MT • Systran (Babelfish) been used for 30 years • 1970’s: • European focus in MT; mainly ignored in US • 1980’s • ideas of using AI techniques in MT (KBMT, CMU) • 1990’s • Commercial MT systems • Statistical MT (SMT), Speech-to-speech translation • 2000’s • SMT matures to be an exciting AI technology • Well funded, high-payoff, can make a real difference.

  10. Levels of Transfer Interlingua (Vauquois triangle) Semantic Composition Semantic Decomposition Semantic Structure Semantic Structure Semantic Analysis Semantic Generation Semantic Transfer Syntactic Structure Syntactic Structure Syntactic Transfer Syntactic Analysis Syntactic Generation Word Structure Word Structure Direct Morphological Analysis Morphological Generation Target Text Source Text

  11. What makes a good translation • Translators often talk about two factors we want to maximize: • Faithfulness or fidelity • How close is the meaning of the translation to the meaning of the original • (Even better: does the translation cause the reader to draw the same inferences as the original would have) • Fluency or naturalness • How natural the translation is, just considering its fluency in the target language

  12. The Coding View • “One naturally wonders if the problem of translation could conceivably be treated as a problem in cryptography. When I look at an article in Russian, I say: ‘This is really written in English, but it has been coded in some strange symbols. I will now proceed to decode.’ ” • Warren Weaver (1955:18, quoting a letter he wrote in 1947)

  13. MT System Components Language Model Translation Model channel source P(e) e f P(f|e) observed best decoder e f argmax P(e|f) = argmax P(f|e)P(e) e e Finds an English translation which is both fluent and semantically faithful to the French source

  14. START w1 w2 wn-1 END The Classic Language ModelWord N-Grams Generative approach: w1 = START repeat until END is generated: produce word w2 according to a big table P(w2 | w1) w1 := w2 P(I saw water on the table) = P(I | START) * P(saw | I) * P(water | saw) * P(on | water) * P(the | on) * P(table | the) * P(END | table) Probabilities can be learned from online English text.

  15. Parallel Corpora • Parallel corpora (or bitexts) • Collection of source-target translation pairs • Main resource for learning a translation model • Either naturally occurring (e.g. parliamentary proceedings, news translation services) or commissioned

  16. Building a Translation Model • Steps in building a simple statistical translation model • Match up words in training sentence pairs (word alignment) • Learn a lexicon from these alignments • Learn larger phrases En vertu de les nouvelles propositions , quel est le coût prévu de perception de les droits ? What is the anticipated cost of collecting fees under the new proposal ?

  17. 1a. ok-voon ororok sprok . 1b. at-voon bichat dat . 7a. lalok farok ororok lalok sprok izok enemok . 7b. wat jjat bichat wat dat vat eneat . 2a. ok-drubel ok-voon anok plok sprok . 2b. at-drubel at-voon pippat rrat dat . 8a. lalok brok anok plok nok . 8b. iat lat pippat rrat nnat . 3a. erok sprok izok hihok ghirok . 3b. totat dat arrat vat hilat . 9a. wiwok nok izok kantok ok-yurp . 9b. totat nnat quat oloat at-yurp . 4a. ok-voon anok drok brok jok . 4b. at-voon krat pippat sat lat . 10a. lalok mok nok yorok ghirok clok . 10b. wat nnat gat mat bat hilat . 5a. wiwok farok izok stok . 5b. totat jjat quat cat . 11a. lalok nok crrrok hihok yorok zanzanok . 11b. wat nnat arrat mat zanzanat . 6a. lalok sprok izok jok stok . 6b. wat dat krat quat cat . 12a. lalok rarok nok izok hihok mok . 12b. wat nnat forat arrat vat gat . Centauri/Arcturan [Knight, 1997] Your assignment, translate this to Arcturan: farok crrrok hihok yorok clok kantok ok-yurp

  18. 1a. ok-voon ororok sprok . 1b. at-voon bichat dat . 7a. lalok farok ororok lalok sprok izok enemok . 7b. wat jjat bichat wat dat vat eneat . 2a. ok-drubel ok-voon anok plok sprok . 2b. at-drubel at-voon pippat rrat dat . 8a. lalok brok anok plok nok . 8b. iat lat pippat rrat nnat . 3a. erok sprok izok hihok ghirok . 3b. totat dat arrat vat hilat . 9a. wiwok nok izok kantok ok-yurp . 9b. totat nnat quat oloat at-yurp . 4a. ok-voon anok drok brok jok . 4b. at-voon krat pippat sat lat . 10a. lalok mok nok yorok ghirok clok . 10b. wat nnat gat mat bat hilat . 5a. wiwok farok izok stok . 5b. totat jjat quat cat . 11a. lalok nok crrrok hihok yorok zanzanok . 11b. wat nnat arrat mat zanzanat . 6a. lalok sprok izok jok stok . 6b. wat dat krat quat cat . 12a. lalok rarok nok izok hihok mok . 12b. wat nnat forat arrat vat gat . Centauri/Arcturan [Knight, 1997] Your assignment, translate this to Arcturan: farok crrrok hihok yorok clok kantok ok-yurp

  19. 1a. ok-voon ororok sprok . 1b. at-voon bichat dat . 7a. lalok farok ororok lalok sprok izok enemok . 7b. wat jjat bichat wat dat vat eneat . 2a. ok-drubel ok-voon anok plok sprok . 2b. at-drubel at-voon pippat rrat dat . 8a. lalok brok anok plok nok . 8b. iat lat pippat rrat nnat . 3a. erok sprok izok hihok ghirok . 3b. totat dat arrat vat hilat . 9a. wiwok nok izok kantok ok-yurp . 9b. totat nnat quat oloat at-yurp . 4a. ok-voon anok drok brok jok . 4b. at-voon krat pippat sat lat . 10a. lalok mok nok yorok ghirok clok . 10b. wat nnat gat mat bat hilat . 5a. wiwok farok izok stok . 5b. totat jjat quat cat . 11a. lalok nok crrrok hihok yorok zanzanok . 11b. wat nnat arrat mat zanzanat . 6a. lalok sprok izok jok stok . 6b. wat dat krat quat cat . 12a. lalok rarok nok izok hihok mok . 12b. wat nnat forat arrat vat gat . Centauri/Arcturan [Knight, 1997] Your assignment, translate this to Arcturan: farok crrrok hihok yorok clok kantok ok-yurp

  20. 1a. ok-voon ororok sprok . 1b. at-voon bichat dat . 7a. lalok farok ororok lalok sprok izok enemok . 7b. wat jjat bichat wat dat vat eneat . 2a. ok-drubel ok-voon anok plok sprok . 2b. at-drubel at-voon pippat rrat dat . 8a. lalok brok anok plok nok . 8b. iat lat pippat rrat nnat . 3a. erok sprok izok hihok ghirok . 3b. totat dat arrat vat hilat . 9a. wiwok nok izok kantok ok-yurp . 9b. totat nnat quat oloat at-yurp . 4a. ok-voon anok drok brok jok . 4b. at-voon krat pippat sat lat . 10a. lalok mok nok yorok ghirok clok . 10b. wat nnat gat mat bat hilat . 5a. wiwok farok izok stok . 5b. totat jjat quat cat . 11a. lalok nok crrrok hihok yorok zanzanok . 11b. wat nnat arrat mat zanzanat . 6a. lalok sprok izok jok stok . 6b. wat dat krat quat cat . 12a. lalok rarok nok izok hihok mok . 12b. wat nnat forat arrat vat gat . Centauri/Arcturan [Knight, 1997] Your assignment, translate this to Arcturan: farok crrrok hihok yorok clok kantok ok-yurp ???

  21. 1a. ok-voon ororok sprok . 1b. at-voon bichat dat . 7a. lalok farok ororok lalok sprok izok enemok . 7b. wat jjat bichat wat dat vat eneat . 2a. ok-drubel ok-voon anok plok sprok . 2b. at-drubel at-voon pippat rrat dat . 8a. lalok brok anok plok nok . 8b. iat lat pippat rrat nnat . 3a. erok sprok izok hihok ghirok . 3b. totat dat arrat vat hilat . 9a. wiwok nok izok kantok ok-yurp . 9b. totat nnat quat oloat at-yurp . 4a. ok-voon anok drok brok jok . 4b. at-voon krat pippat sat lat . 10a. lalok mok nok yorok ghirok clok . 10b. wat nnat gat mat bat hilat . 5a. wiwok farok izok stok . 5b. totat jjat quat cat . 11a. lalok nok crrrok hihok yorok zanzanok . 11b. wat nnat arrat mat zanzanat . 6a. lalok sprok izok jok stok . 6b. wat dat krat quat cat . 12a. lalok rarok nok izok hihok mok . 12b. wat nnat forat arrat vat gat . Centauri/Arcturan [Knight, 1997] Your assignment, translate this to Arcturan: farok crrrok hihok yorok clok kantok ok-yurp

  22. 1a. ok-voon ororok sprok . 1b. at-voon bichat dat . 7a. lalok farok ororok lalok sprok izok enemok . 7b. wat jjat bichat wat dat vat eneat . 2a. ok-drubel ok-voon anok plok sprok . 2b. at-drubel at-voon pippat rrat dat . 8a. lalok brok anok plok nok . 8b. iat lat pippat rrat nnat . 3a. erok sprok izok hihok ghirok . 3b. totat dat arrat vat hilat . 9a. wiwok nok izok kantok ok-yurp . 9b. totat nnat quat oloat at-yurp . 4a. ok-voon anok drok brok jok . 4b. at-voon krat pippat sat lat . 10a. lalok mok nok yorok ghirok clok . 10b. wat nnat gat mat bat hilat . 5a. wiwok farok izok stok . 5b. totat jjat quat cat . 11a. lalok nok crrrok hihokyorok zanzanok . 11b. wat nnat arrat mat zanzanat . 6a. lalok sprok izok jok stok . 6b. wat dat krat quat cat . 12a. lalok rarok nok izok hihok mok . 12b. wat nnat forat arrat vat gat . Centauri/Arcturan [Knight, 1997] Your assignment, translate this to Arcturan: farok crrrok hihok yorok clok kantok ok-yurp

  23. 1a. ok-voon ororok sprok . 1b. at-voon bichat dat . 7a. lalok farok ororok lalok sprok izok enemok . 7b. wat jjat bichat wat dat vat eneat . 2a. ok-drubel ok-voon anok plok sprok . 2b. at-drubel at-voon pippat rrat dat . 8a. lalok brok anok plok nok . 8b. iat lat pippat rrat nnat . 3a. erok sprok izok hihok ghirok . 3b. totat dat arrat vat hilat . 9a. wiwok nok izok kantok ok-yurp . 9b. totat nnat quat oloat at-yurp . 4a. ok-voon anok drok brok jok . 4b. at-voon krat pippat sat lat . 10a. lalok mok nok yorok ghirok clok . 10b. wat nnat gat mat bat hilat . 5a. wiwok farok izok stok . 5b. totat jjat quat cat . 11a. lalok nok crrrok hihok yorok zanzanok . 11b. wat nnat arrat mat zanzanat . 6a. lalok sprok izok jok stok . 6b. wat dat krat quat cat . 12a. lalok rarok nok izok hihok mok . 12b. wat nnat forat arrat vat gat . Centauri/Arcturan [Knight, 1997] Your assignment, translate this to Arcturan: farok crrrok hihokyorok clok kantok ok-yurp

  24. 1a. ok-voon ororok sprok . 1b. at-voon bichat dat . 7a. lalok farok ororok lalok sprok izok enemok . 7b. wat jjat bichat wat dat vat eneat . 2a. ok-drubel ok-voon anok plok sprok . 2b. at-drubel at-voon pippat rrat dat . 8a. lalok brok anok plok nok . 8b. iat lat pippat rrat nnat . 3a. erok sprok izok hihok ghirok . 3b. totat dat arrat vat hilat . 9a. wiwok nok izok kantok ok-yurp . 9b. totat nnat quat oloat at-yurp . 4a. ok-voon anok drok brok jok . 4b. at-voon krat pippat sat lat . 10a. lalok mok nok yorok ghirok clok . 10b. wat nnat gat mat bat hilat . 5a. wiwok farok izok stok . 5b. totat jjat quat cat . 11a. lalok nok crrrok hihok yorok zanzanok . 11b. wat nnat arrat mat zanzanat . 6a. lalok sprok izok jok stok . 6b. wat dat krat quat cat . 12a. lalok rarok nok izok hihok mok . 12b. wat nnat forat arrat vat gat . Centauri/Arcturan [Knight, 1997] Your assignment, translate this to Arcturan: farok crrrok hihokyorok clok kantok ok-yurp ???

  25. 1a. ok-voon ororok sprok . 1b. at-voon bichat dat . 7a. lalok farok ororok lalok sprok izok enemok . 7b. wat jjat bichat wat dat vat eneat . 2a. ok-drubel ok-voon anok plok sprok . 2b. at-drubel at-voon pippat rrat dat . 8a. lalok brok anok plok nok . 8b. iat lat pippat rrat nnat . 3a. erok sprok izok hihok ghirok . 3b. totat dat arrat vat hilat . 9a. wiwok nok izok kantok ok-yurp . 9b. totat nnat quat oloat at-yurp . 4a. ok-voon anok drok brok jok . 4b. at-voon krat pippat sat lat . 10a. lalok mok nok yorok ghirok clok . 10b. wat nnat gat mat bat hilat . 5a. wiwok farok izok stok . 5b. totat jjat quat cat . 11a. lalok nok crrrok hihok yorok zanzanok . 11b. wat nnat arrat mat zanzanat . 6a. lalok sprok izok jok stok . 6b. wat dat krat quat cat . 12a. lalok rarok nok izok hihok mok . 12b. wat nnat forat arrat vat gat . Centauri/Arcturan [Knight, 1997] Your assignment, translate this to Arcturan: farok crrrok hihok yorok clok kantok ok-yurp

  26. 1a. ok-voon ororok sprok . 1b. at-voon bichat dat . 7a. lalok farok ororok lalok sprok izok enemok . 7b. wat jjat bichat wat dat vat eneat . 2a. ok-drubel ok-voon anok plok sprok . 2b. at-drubel at-voon pippat rrat dat . 8a. lalok brok anok plok nok . 8b. iat lat pippat rrat nnat . 3a. erok sprok izok hihok ghirok . 3b. totat dat arrat vat hilat . 9a. wiwok nok izok kantok ok-yurp . 9b. totat nnat quat oloat at-yurp . 4a. ok-voon anok drok brok jok . 4b. at-voon krat pippat sat lat . 10a. lalok mok nok yorok ghirok clok . 10b. wat nnat gat mat bat hilat . 5a. wiwok farok izok stok . 5b. totat jjat quat cat . 11a. lalok nok crrrok hihok yorok zanzanok . 11b. wat nnat arrat mat zanzanat . 6a. lalok sprok izok jok stok . 6b. wat dat krat quat cat . 12a. lalok rarok nok izok hihok mok . 12b. wat nnat forat arrat vat gat . Centauri/Arcturan [Knight, 1997] Your assignment, translate this to Arcturan: farok crrrok hihok yorokclok kantok ok-yurp process of elimination

  27. 1a. ok-voon ororok sprok . 1b. at-voon bichat dat . 7a. lalok farok ororok lalok sprok izok enemok . 7b. wat jjat bichat wat dat vat eneat . 2a. ok-drubel ok-voon anok plok sprok . 2b. at-drubel at-voon pippat rrat dat . 8a. lalok brok anok plok nok . 8b. iat lat pippat rrat nnat . 3a. erok sprok izok hihok ghirok . 3b. totat dat arrat vat hilat . 9a. wiwok nok izok kantok ok-yurp . 9b. totat nnat quat oloat at-yurp . 4a. ok-voon anok drok brok jok . 4b. at-voon krat pippat sat lat . 10a. lalok mok nok yorok ghirok clok . 10b. wat nnat gat mat bat hilat . 5a. wiwok farok izok stok . 5b. totat jjat quat cat . 11a. lalok nok crrrok hihok yorok zanzanok . 11b. wat nnat arrat mat zanzanat . 6a. lalok sprok izok jok stok . 6b. wat dat krat quat cat . 12a. lalok rarok nok izok hihok mok . 12b. wat nnat forat arrat vat gat . Centauri/Arcturan [Knight, 1997] Your assignment, translate this to Arcturan: farok crrrok hihok yorokclok kantok ok-yurp cognate?

  28. 1a. ok-voon ororok sprok . 1b. at-voon bichat dat . 7a. lalok farok ororok lalok sprok izok enemok . 7b. wat jjat bichat wat dat vat eneat . 2a. ok-drubel ok-voon anok plok sprok . 2b. at-drubel at-voon pippat rrat dat . 8a. lalok brok anok plok nok . 8b. iat lat pippat rrat nnat . 3a. erok sprok izok hihok ghirok . 3b. totat dat arrat vat hilat . 9a. wiwok nok izok kantok ok-yurp . 9b. totat nnat quat oloat at-yurp . 4a. ok-voon anok drok brok jok . 4b. at-voon krat pippat sat lat . 10a. lalok mok nok yorok ghirok clok . 10b. wat nnat gat mat bat hilat . 5a. wiwok farok izok stok . 5b. totat jjat quat cat . 11a. lalok nok crrrok hihok yorok zanzanok . 11b. wat nnat arrat mat zanzanat . 6a. lalok sprok izok jok stok . 6b. wat dat krat quat cat . 12a. lalok rarok nok izok hihok mok . 12b. wat nnat forat arrat vat gat . Centauri/Arcturan [Knight, 1997] Your assignment, put these words in order: { jjat, arrat, mat, bat, oloat, at-yurp} zero fertility

  29. 1a. Garcia and associates . 1b. Garcia y asociados . 7a. the clients and the associates are enemies . 7b. los clients y los asociados son enemigos . 2a. Carlos Garcia has three associates . 2b. Carlos Garcia tiene tres asociados . 8a. the company has three groups . 8b. la empresa tiene tres grupos . 3a. his associates are not strong . 3b. sus asociados no son fuertes . 9a. its groups are in Europe . 9b. sus grupos estan en Europa . 4a. Garcia has a company also . 4b. Garcia tambien tiene una empresa . 10a. the modern groups sell strong pharmaceuticals . 10b. los grupos modernos venden medicinas fuertes . 5a. its clients are angry . 5b. sus clientes estan enfadados . 11a. the groups do not sell zenzanine . 11b. los grupos no venden zanzanina . 6a. the associates are also angry . 6b. los asociados tambien estan enfadados . 12a. the small groups are not modern . 12b. los grupos pequenos no son modernos . It’s Really Spanish/English Clients do not sell pharmaceuticals in Europe => Clientes no venden medicinas en Europa

  30. Statistical Machine Translation … la maison … la maison bleue … la fleur … … the house … the blue house … the flower … All word alignments equally likely All P(french-word | english-word) equally likely

  31. Statistical Machine Translation … la maison … la maison bleue … la fleur … … the house … the blue house … the flower … “la” and “the” observed to co-occur frequently, so P(la | the) is increased.

  32. Statistical Machine Translation … la maison … la maison bleue … la fleur … … the house … the blue house … the flower … “house” co-occurs with both “la” and “maison”, but P(maison | house) can be raised without limit, to 1.0, while P(la | house) is limited because of “the” (pigeonhole principle)

  33. Statistical Machine Translation … la maison … la maison bleue … la fleur … … the house … the blue house … the flower … settling down after another iteration

  34. Statistical Machine Translation … la maison … la maison bleue … la fleur … … the house … the blue house … the flower … • Inherent hidden structure revealed by EM training! • For details, see: • “A Statistical MT Tutorial Workbook” (Knight, 1999). • “The Mathematics of Statistical Machine Translation” (Brown et al, 1993) • Software: GIZA++

  35. Decoding • Now we have a phrase table: • A huge list of translation phrases (e.g. 1M phrases) • Each phrase has a probability P(f|e) • When we see a new input sentence: • Grow a translation left to right • Extend translation using known phrases • Also multiply by language model score

  36. The Pharaoh Decoder • Probabilities at each step include LM and TM

  37. insistent Wednesday may recurred her trips to Libya tomorrow for flying Cairo 6-4 ( AFP ) - an official announced today in the Egyptian lines company for flying Tuesday is a company " insistent for flying " may resumed a consideration of a day Wednesday tomorrow her trips to Libya of Security Council decision trace international the imposed ban comment . And said the official " the institution sent a speech to Ministry of Foreign Affairs of lifting on Libya air , a situation her receiving replying are so a trip will pull to Libya a morning Wednesday " . Egyptair Has Tomorrow to Resume Its Flights to Libya Cairo 4-6 (AFP) - said an official at the Egyptian Aviation Company today that the company egyptair may resume as of tomorrow, Wednesday its flights to Libya after the International Security Council resolution to the suspension of the embargo imposed on Libya. " The official said that the company had sent a letter to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, information on the lifting of the air embargo on Libya, where it had received a response, the first take off a trip to Libya on Wednesday morning ". Recent Progress in Statistical MT slide from C. Wayne, DARPA 2002 2003

  38. Statistical Machine Translation … la maison … la maison bleue … la fleur … … the house … the blue house … the flower … P(juste | fair) = 0.411 P(juste | correct) = 0.027 P(juste | right) = 0.020 … Possible English translations, to be rescored by language model new French sentence

  39. What is MT not (yet) good for? • Really hard stuff • Literature • Natural spoken speech (meetings, court reporting) • Really important stuff • Medical translation in hospitals, 911

  40. What is MT good for? • Tasks for which a rough translation is fine • Web pages, email • Multilingual Speech-based queries • Tasks for which MT can be post-edited • MT as first pass • “Computer-aided human translation” • Tasks in sublanguage domains where high-quality MT is possible

  41. The next five years • Bootstrapping Resources • Trying to design better learning methods to work from scarce data (see Knight 2003, Plauche et al 2007) • Germann and the ISI experiment in Tamil • MT in a month • 100K tokens achieved tolerable performance in 2002 • Including Syntactic/Semantic Information in SMT • Markup on the Web • Multi-lingual Lexical resources • WordNet PropBank FrameNet • Combining MT methods

  42. Pos Language Family Script(s) Used Speakers Where Spoken (Major) 1 Mandarin Sino-Tibetan Chinese Characters 1051 China, Malaysia, Taiwan 2 English Indo-European Latin 510 USA, UK, Australia, Canada, New Zealand 3 Hindi Indo-European Devanagari 490 North and Central India 4 Spanish Indo-European Latin 425 The Americas, Spain 5 Arabic Afro-Asiatic Arabic 255 Middle East, Arabia, North Africa 6 Russian Indo-European Cyrillic 254 Russia, Central Asia 7 Portuguese Indo-European Latin 218 Brazil, Portugal, Southern Africa 8 Bengali Indo-European Bengali 215 Bangladesh, Eastern India 9 Indonesian MalayoPolynesian Latin 175 Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore 10 French Indo-European Latin 130 France, Canada, West Africa, Central Africa 11 Japanese Altaic Chinese Characters and 2 Japanese Alphabets 127 Japan 12 German Indo-European Latin 123 Germany, Austria, Central Europe 13 Farsi (Persian) Indo-European Nastaliq 110 Iran, Afghanistan, Central Asia 14 Urdu Indo-European Nastaliq 104 Pakistan, India 15 Punjabi Indo-European Gurumukhi 103 Pakistan, India 16 Vietnamese Austroasiatic Based on Latin 86 Vietnam, China 17 Tamil Dravidian Tamil 78 Southern India, Sri Lanka, Malyasia 18 Wu Sino-Tibetan Chinese Characters 77 China 19 Javanese Malayo-Polynesian Javanese 76 Indonesia 20 Turkish Altaic Latin 75 Turkey, Central Asia 21 Telugu Dravidian Telugu 74 Southern India 22 Korean Altaic Hangul 72 Korean Peninsula 23 Marathi Indo-European Devanagari 71 Western India 24 Italian Indo-European Latin 61 Italy, Central Europe 25 Thai Sino-Tibetan Thai 60 Thailand, Laos 26 Cantonese Sino-Tibetan Chinese Characters 55 Southern China 27 Gujarati Indo-European Gujarati 47 Western India, Kenya 28 Polish Indo-European Latin 46 Poland, Central Europe 29 Kannada Dravidian Kannada 44 Southern India 30 Burmese Sino-Tibetan Burmese 42 Myanmar

  43. Top Ten Internet Languages

  44. Community Rec Traditional Rec MT in Developing Countries

  45. Related Berkeley work atTIER • Kiosks / Livelihood • Cellphones for pricing in rural Rwandan coffee markets • Computers and livelihood development in urban slums in Brazil • E-literacy / Entrepreneurship in rural Kerala • Education • Studies of social impacts of Computer Aided Learning in rural areas • Observations of shared computer usage among children in resource strapped areas • Telemedicine • Long-distance diagnosis using 802.11b • Teaching • ‘Technology and Development’ graduate class design (see reader/syllabus) • Conference • First peer-reviewed IEEE/ACM conference in series

  46. URL bibliography • http://www.cicc.or.jp—CICC website. • http://nespole.itc.it—NESPOLE! website. • http://www.umiacs.umd.edu—UMIACS website. • http://www.isi.edu. • http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu. • http://www.lti.cs.cmu.edu. • http://blombos.isi.edu—DINO browser. • http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu—Enthusiast. • http://www.ll.mit.edu—CCLINC. • http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu—Speechalator. • http://isl.ira.uka.de—FAME. • http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu—WordNet. • http://www.globalwordnet.org—Global WordNet Association. • http://www.illc.uva.nl—EuroWordNet. • http://www.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de—GermaNet. • http://www.ceid.upatras.gr—BalkaNet. • http://www.keenage.comChinese HowNet. • http://www.gittens.nl—Mimida multilingual semantic network. • http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu—FrameNet project. • http://www.coli.uni-sb.de—SALSA project. • http://www.nak.ics.keio.ac.jp—FrameNet project for • Japanese. • http://gemini.uab.es—FrameNet project for Spanish. • http://www.cis.upenn.edu—PropBank project. • http://www.cis.upenn.edu—VerbNet. • http://www.cis.upenn.edu—combination of VerbNet and • FrameNet. • http://nlp.cs.nyu.edu—The NomBank

  47. References

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