Animal Biotechnology

1. Animal Biotechnology

2. Animal Biotech • Animals provide a number of products we use in every day life. • Milk • Leather • Wool

3. Animal Biotech • Eggs • Meat

4. Roles of Animals in Biotech • Animals are involved in lab experiments. • Without the use of animals humans might be in danger.

5. Animal Models • 4 models apply for the use of animals. • Living animals • Living animal tissues or systems • Non-Living systems

6. Animal Models • Computer and Mathematical approaches

7. Living Animals • These animals are living and usually have no threat to their well being. • Such animals may be known as laboratory or scientific animals.

8. Living Animals • Agricultural Research often uses experimental groups of animals.

9. Living animal tissues or systems • Animal tissues can be cultured in a lab. • This saves the use of animals as well as the expense of feeding, housing, and cleaning up after the animals.

10. Non-Living Systems • Involves using non living mechanical models that reflect animal activity. • These often relate to skeletal movement and locomotion

11. Non-Living Systems • Artificial replacement parts, such as hip joints can be studied using non living systems.

12. Computer and mathematical approaches • Computer simulations with virtual reality and other uses help in biotechnology. • Computer modeling may be done with a propose biotechnology practice before it is tested with animals.

13. Laboratory animals • A laboratory animal is an animal used for laboratory or research purpose. • Good tending is needed to assume that the research is properly carried out.

14. Laboratory animals • Without research involving animals, scientists would not have a base.

15. Animal Species • Most animals are subjects of study at one time or another. • Most common species used in research laboratories are mice, rats, and hamsters.

16. Animal Species • A primate is an animal with thumb and forefinger opposition. • A non human primate is similar to humans but is not a human.

17. Animal Reproduction • Reproduction is a process by which offspring are produced. • Sexual Reproduction is the union of a sperm and egg to ultimately produce a new individual.

18. Animal Reproduction • The union of the sperm and egg is called fertilization. • Semen- the fluid produced by the male reproductive organs, contains sperm.

19. Animal Reproduction • Copulation- is the sexual uniting of animals so the male can ejaculate semen near the eggs in the reproductive tract of the female.

20. Reproductive Development • Puberty-is the time at which an animal is capable of reproduction. • Fertilization- union of the sperm and egg results in the formation of a zygote

21. Reproductive Development • Gestation- is the period of pregnancy in animals. • Parturition- is the birthing process. • Lactation- is the secretion of milk by the mammary glands.

22. Reproductive Development • Dry time is a time when mammals are not lactating.

23. The Estrous Cycle • Estrous is a time when a female is fertile and receptive to a male. • The estrous cycle is the time between the estrous.

24. The Estrous Cycle • The three periods in the estrous cycle that follow estrous are metestrus, diestrus, and proestrus.

25. Artificial Insemination • Artificial insemination is the transfer if collected semen to a recipient female. It is used with sheep, beef cattle, turkeys, and swine. • Generally female estrous cycles are regulated with hormone injections.

26. Artificial Insemination • Sperm are collected from males by artificially promoting ejaculation.

27. Gender Preselection • Gender preselection is choosing the gender of a potential offspring. • Gender preselection may be done by sorting sperm.

28. Gender Preselection • The DNA content of sperm varies slightly based on the gender of the offspring that would result from conception.

29. Embryo Transfer • Embryo transfer is the harvesting of fertilized ova from a donor and implanting them into a recipient. • The harvested embyros are transferred to a recipient.

30. Embryo Transfer • Non surgical transfer involves flushing the embryos from the uterine horn.

31. Bovine Somatotropin • Bovine somatotropin is a natural occurring growth hormone produced in the pituitary gland in the endocrine system. • By treating dairy cattle with the hormone, milk production is increased approximately 15%.

32. Bovine Somatotropin • Some small dairy producers do not use BST and incorporate that fact in their advertising.

33. Transgenic Animals and Products • Pigs- have been used to manufacture human hemoglobin. • A xenograft is the practice of grafting an organ or a tissue from one species into another.

34. Transgenic Animals and Products • Mice- transgenetic mice have been used in several ways. • One of the best known is to produce human antibodies. • Cattle- are used to control disease such as mastitis in dairy cows.

35. Methods of creating transgenetic animals • Step One- collect embryos • With proper stimulation far more embryos can be obtained than would be the natural result of the reproductive process.

36. Methods of creating transgenetic animals • Step Two- Inject embyros. • A pro nucleus is the haploid nucleus of the sperm or ovum that have united in fertilization to form a zygote.

37. Methods of creating transgenetic animals • Step Three- Zygote Culture • The zygotes are placed in the oviduct of a recipient female.