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Imran Hussain University of Management and Technology (UMT)

Virtual University Human-Computer Interaction. Lecture 5 Discipline of HCI. Imran Hussain University of Management and Technology (UMT). In the Last Lecture. Usability Definition

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Imran Hussain University of Management and Technology (UMT)

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  1. Virtual UniversityHuman-Computer Interaction Lecture 5Discipline of HCI Imran Hussain University of Management and Technology (UMT)

  2. In the Last Lecture • Usability • Definition “Ensuring that interactive products are easy to learn, effective to user and enjoyable from the user’sperspective (Preece etal)” • Usability Goals • Effectiveness • Efficiency • Safety • Utility • Learnability • Memorablity

  3. In the Last Lecture • User Experience • Definition • User Experience Goals • Relationship of Usability and User Experience

  4. User Experience Goals • Satisfying • Enjoyable • Fun • Entertaining • Helpful • Motivating • Aesthetically Pleasing • Supportive to Creativity • Rewarding • Emotionally Fullfilling

  5. In the Last Lecture • Relationship of Usability and User Experience

  6. User Experience Goals Usability Goals In the Last Lecture

  7. Fun Satisfying Emotionally fullfilling Efficient to use enjoyable Effective to use Rewarding Easy to remember Usability Goals Supportive of creativity Easy to learn Safe to use Entertaining Have good utility Aesthetically pleasing helpful Motivating

  8. In the Last Lecture • History and Evolution of HCI • 1960’s Research • 1970’s Technological Explosion • The Three Systems • Dynabook • Star • Lisa

  9. Last Lecture’s Revelation “Don’t Make me THINK, is the key to a usable product”

  10. In Today’s Lecture • Usability and Quality • Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI • Disciplines contributing to HCI

  11. Quote of the Day – Terry Winograd “HCI is the kind of discipline which is neither the study of humans nor the study of technology, but rather the bridging between the two. So you always have to have one eye open to the questions: • What can the technology do? • How can you build it ? • What are the possibilities? And one eye open to the question • What are people doing and how would this fit in • What would they do with it ? If you lose sight of either of those you fail to design well .. I think the challenge is to really keep knowledge of both the technology and the people playng ff against each other in order to develop new things”

  12. Usability and Quality

  13. Quality and Software • What is Quality? • You like a product • Does not break down • QA Teams

  14. Quality is conformance to specifications(British Defense Industries Quality Assurance Panel)

  15. Quality is conformance to requirements(Philip Crosby)

  16. Quality is fitness for purpose or use(Juran)

  17. Quality is a predictable degree of uniformity and dependability, at low cost and suited to the market(Edward Deming)

  18. Quality is synonymous with customer needs and expectations(R J Mortiboys)

  19. Quality is meeting the (stated) requirements of the customer- now and in the future(Mike Robinson)

  20. Quality is the total composite product and service characteristics of marketing, engineering, manufacturing and maintenance through which the product and service in use will meet the expectations by the customer(Armand Feigenbaum)

  21. Totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs(ISO 8402 : 1994)

  22. What is a Product?

  23. Product • A generic term that refers to • Goods • Services • Failure to meet quality requirements in either dimension can have serious negative consequences

  24. … implied needs must be turned into requirements …PMBOK

  25. Software Quality • The extent to which a software product exhibits these characteristics • Functionality • Reliability • Usability • Efficiency • Maintainability • Portability

  26. Software QA Teams • Only test requirements • Customers and users

  27. The Dual Nature of Usability • Usability is both Strategic Tactical

  28. Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI

  29. What is HCI? • HCI is a large interdisciplinary area • Emerging as specialty concern within several disciplines, each with different emphases • Computer science (application design and engineering of human interfaces) • Psychology (the application of theories of cognitive processes and the empirical analysis of user behavior) • Sociology and anthropology (interactions between technology, work, and organization) • Industrial design (interactive products)

  30. What is HCI? • HCI concerned with: • Joint performance of tasks by humans and machines • Structure of communication between human and machine • Human capabilities to use machines • Algorithms and programming of interfaces • Engineering concerns in designing and building interfaces • Process of design, specification and implementation • Design trade-offs

  31. What is HCI? • Various aspects • Science • Human capabilities to use machines • Engineering • Building interfaces • Design • Design tradeoffs

  32. Case Study – Ticketing System • A small ticketing agency has many shops distributed throughout the country • Feels the need to install efficient ticketing system, for survival • Manual Issuing Procedure • Call airlines to check for vacant seats • Check with customer if the available seat is suitable • Then ticket is written out manually • Customer receipts and intinerary • Accounting for issued tickets every two weeks

  33. Case Study – Ticketing System - Research • The research on existing ticketing systems reveal • Computers always going wrong • Lack of trust in computers • Staff unable to understand messages • The Result • Sales figures had dropped and were disappointing • A large number of sales staff had left

  34. Ticketing System - Recommendations • Immediate booking via Internet • Automatic print-out of tickets, itineraries and receipts • Direct connection between booking system and accounting system • Elimination of booking forms

  35. Ticketing System - Recommendations • Layout of the agency needs to be changed for staff to operate computers • Staff training • Changes to job design • Support to older staff during period of change • Changes to employment conditions must be examined • Staff relationship with other non-techi staff members (Technology Power)

  36. Factors in HCI

  37. Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI • HCI is understanding the Complex Relationship between Human and Computers • Two Distinct “Species” • Successful Integration is dependent upon the a better understanding of both Species • Hence HCI borrows and establishes its roots in Disciplines concerned with both

  38. Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI • HCI has roots in many disciplines • HCI is inter-disciplinary in nature

  39. Social Organizational Psychology Cognitive Psychology Linguistics Anthropology Ergonomics & Human Factor HCI Philosophy Design Computer Science Engineering Artificial Intelligence

  40. Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI – Human Side • Cognitive Psychology • Social Organizational Psychology • Ergonomics and human Factors • Linguistics • Philosophy • Sociology • Anthropology

  41. Cognitive Psychology • Understanding human behavior and mental processes • Human information processing • See • Feel • Touch • Smell • Taste • How much information can be processed and remembered

  42. Social Organizational Psychology • Studying nature and causes of human behavior in social context • Four core concerns • Influence of one individual on another person’s attitude and behavior • Impact of a group on its member’s attitude and behavior • Impact of a member on group’s activities and structure • Relationship between the structure and activities of different groups • Informs designers how computers affect working practices

  43. Ergonomics or Human Factors • To define and design tools and various artifacts for different work, leisure and domestic environment to suit the capacities and capabilities of users • Ergonomist translates the above information from the above mentioned sciences into context of design of products • Increase feelings of comfort and satisfaction • Concerns • Hardware design • Radiation from VDUs • Repetitive Strain Injury (RPI)

  44. Linguistics • Scientific study of languages • Command-object (delete ‘report’ OR ‘report’ delete) • Understanding structure (syntax) and meaning (semantics) • HCI goal is to develop natural language interfaces

  45. Philosophy, Sociology and Anthropology • Contribution in the sense of Soft Sciences for HCI • Considers introduction of IT in society • Ethnography involves observing people • Cognitive psychology tries to predict • Computer Supported Cooperative Writing

  46. Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI – Computer Side • Computer Science • Artificial Intelligence • Engineering • Design

  47. Other Disciplines • Computer Science • Provides knowledge about capability of technology • Developing techniques to support software design, development and maintenance • Artificial Intelligence • Intelligent Computing concerned with simulating human behaviour • HCI – development of expert and tutoring systems • Engineering • Engineering takes finding of sciences and utilizes them in the production of artifacts • Design • Design contributes creative skills and knowledge to this process

  48. Discipline of HCI

  49. What We Learnt Today … • Factors in HCI • Interdisciplinary nature of HCI

  50. Social Organizational Psychology Cognitive Psychology Linguistics Anthropology Ergonomics & Human Factor HCI Philosophy Design Computer Science Engineering Artificial Intelligence

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