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Old-Growth Carbon Sequestration in the Sylvania Wilderness Ottawa National Forest, U.P. Michigan

Old-Growth Carbon Sequestration in the Sylvania Wilderness Ottawa National Forest, U.P. Michigan. Ankur Desai Penn State, Meteorology January 2002. Proposal Title:. Quantifying carbon sequestration potential of mid and late successional forests in the upper midwest.

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Old-Growth Carbon Sequestration in the Sylvania Wilderness Ottawa National Forest, U.P. Michigan

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  1. Old-Growth Carbon Sequestration in the Sylvania Wilderness Ottawa National Forest, U.P. Michigan Ankur Desai Penn State, Meteorology January 2002

  2. Proposal Title: Quantifying carbon sequestration potential of mid and late successional forests in the upper midwest View to the south from flux tower Funding agency: Department of Energy, Terrestial Carbon Processes PI: Eileen Carey (University of Minnesota – Forest Resources) Co-PIs: Ken Davis (Penn State - Meteorology) Paul Bolstad (University of Minnesota – Forest Resources) Margaret Davis (University of Minesota – Ecology, Evolution, Behavior)

  3. With additional technical support from: Bruce Cook – University of Minnesota, Forest Resources Ankur Desai – Penn State, Meteorology Bob Evans – Ottawa National Forest, Watersmeet, MI Art Johnston – Chequamegon National Forest, Park Falls, WI U.S. Forest Service, North Central Experiment Station: Jud Isebrands, Ron Teclaw, Aaron Berger View to the northeast from flux tower Helen Lake

  4. Location Ottawa National Forest – Upper Peninsula Michigan To: Willow Creek, Lost Creek, WLEF

  5. Location Sylvania Wilderness (tower just outside of wilderness area) • 8,500 ha (18,000 acres) • 35 named lakes • Mostly flat topography • 6 km e. of Watersmeet, MI • Hemlock, maple, basswood dominant stands (3-30 ha) • 0.5% turnover rate • 187 year average canopy lifetime for Hemlocks • One of two remaining large old-growth sites in upper Great Lakes region • Numerous studies of area (M. Davis, L. Frelich, etc…), 3000 year pollen record

  6. Location Near Helen Lake • Site has some lakes to north and east, fewer to west and south • Maple dominant stands right by tower, hemlock dominant within radius, yellow birch • Typical canopy DBH 40-70 cm, height 25-30 m • Mostly flat topography • In Lake Superior watershed, occasional lake effect snow • Close to campground • No Hodags have been spotted

  7. Why study old-growth forest fluxes? • Assumed to be insignificant sink, possibly source of CO2, largely based on simple conceptual models • Very few actual measurements of NEE in old-growth • Existing old-growth flux sites suggest old-growth may actually be strong carbon sinks. 100-yr old boreal-northern hardwood site in Maine had 2.1 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 NEE in 1996 (Hollinger et al., 1999). 450-yr Douglas fir site in Oregon had 2.3 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 in 1998 (Chen, 1999). On the other hand, NEE in 90-yr old Black spruce only 0.1 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 (Goulden et al., 1997). • We need a way to infer change in NEE over time as younger forests age

  8. Why study Sylvania wilderness? • Only one of two remaining old-growth sites in upper Great Lakes regions. Can help predict future course of NEE as post-logging forests of the Great Lakes region mature. Sylvania has changed little over 1000 years. • Close to ChEAS sites: Willow Creek, Lost Creek, WLEF. Can compare NEE and component fluxes among similar sites along a succesional gradient. Helen Lake?

  9. Principal Objectives of study • Characterize NEE of an undisturbed old-growth forest • Quantify the relative response of old-growth versus regrowing forests to climate variability and climate change • Determine to what degree component carbon fluxes differ between early and late successional stands • Characterize how physiological processes change as function of tree or stand age Hypotheses • Sylvania old-growth is a carbon sink • The carbon sink is smaller than younger forests but not insignificant • Overall respiration is greater than younger forests, though not necessarily due to increased stem respiration (maybe related to water limitations) • More NPP is allocated belowground as trees slow in growth

  10. Primary methods Stem / Leaf respiration Micrometeorology Sapflux CO2/H2O Eddy fluxes CO2 profile 37m tower Soil/stump respiration Soil temp/moisture

  11. Spring-Summer 2001 Building the tower Preliminary site investigation Measuring fluxes in the lab Working on Willow Creek Tower safety training

  12. Summer-Fall 2001 Inside the shed Look out below! The control shed and storage area Endless fieldwork… Another day, another climb…

  13. Measurements • CO2 and H2O 10Hz Fluxes at 36 m using Licor 6262 and Campbell CSAT-3 Sonic • CO2 mixing ratio profile (.6, 1.8, 3, 7.6, 13.7, 21.3, 36 m) using Licor 6252 • H2O mixing ratio profile (2, 21, 36 m) • Air temperature profile (.6, 2, 7.6, 12, 18, 21, 24, 30, 36 m) • Wind speed (8 and 36 m) • Above canopy net radiation and direct PAR (36 m), ground-level PAR (1 m) • Leaf wetness (36 m) • Soil temperature and moisture profile (surface, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 cm) • Soil heat flux (7.5 cm) • Precipitation (tipping-bucket), rain and snow (2 locations: open and shaded) • Tree sap flux at 48 trees, north and south side, Granier-type probe • Soil, stem and stump respiration on > 150 trees using Licor 6400 and 6200 • Leaf area index measurement with LAI-2000 • Canopy characterization in 40,000 m2 area around tower Lost Creek Shed

  14. Preliminary Results: Micrometeorology (9/17/01-10/5/01) Temp Dewpoint Pressure Wind spd Wind dir

  15. Preliminary Results: Micrometeorology 2 (9/17/01-10/5/01) PAR H2O Rainfall Soil H2O

  16. Preliminary Results: H2O, Temp, Soil Fluxes (9/17/01-10/5/01) Sensible Latent Soil Net Rad

  17. Preliminary Results: CO2 Fluxes (9/17/01-10/5/01) CO2 Storage NEE u*

  18. Preliminary Results: CO2 Profile (9/17/01-10/5/01)

  19. Preliminary Results: Sap Fluxes (Sept. and Oct. 2001) • Ensemble average daily sap flow for three tree species in cm / hour (just direct flow, not volume or leaf area flow) Yellow Birch Hemlock Sugar Maple • South side of tree is light gray/dotted, north is dark gray/solid lines

  20. Future Plans and Issues • Continue year-round flux measurement. Fix up bugs, calibration, errors • Simultaneous component (soil and stem) flux measurements at Willow Creek and Helen Lake (and Lost Creek, too) • Possibly expand sap flux measurements • Examine effect of lake on fluxes (look at fluxes based on wind direction) • Compare micrometeorology between Willow Creek and Helen Lake (effect of different watershed, lake effect snow, etc…) • Expand area of canopy characterization • Increase leaf area index measurements • Obtain and analyze aerial and remote sensing products (ASTER/MODIS?) • Compare fluxes against roving flux tower? • Compare fluxes against WLEF, other old-growth towers, other Ameriflux sites?

  21. Conclusion The Sylvania Wilderness/Helen Lake old-growth flux experiment will add knowledge about NEE uptake as forests age, and allow for an additional point of flux comparison among ChEAS and Ameriflux sites.

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