1 / 25

Presented by: Rachel Mydosh

Nitrate and nitrite content of human, formula, bovine, and soy milks: implications for dietary nitrite and nitrate recommendations. By: Norman G. Hord , Janine S. Ghannam , Harsha K. Garg , Pamela D. Berens , and Nathan S. Bryan. Presented by: Rachel Mydosh. Introduction.

wynn
Download Presentation

Presented by: Rachel Mydosh

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Nitrate and nitrite content of human, formula, bovine, and soy milks: implications for dietary nitrite and nitrate recommendations By: Norman G. Hord, Janine S. Ghannam, HarshaK. Garg, Pamela D. Berens, and Nathan S. Bryan Presented by: Rachel Mydosh

  2. Introduction Did you know you are consuming nitrates and nitrites daily? http://www.worldcommunitycookbook.org/season/guide/spinach.html http://chriskresser.com/the-nitrate-and-nitrite-myth-another-reason-not-to-fear-bacon http://www.dodgegrain.biz/content.aspx?cid=37 http://www.ehow.com/info_8318387_dangers-nitrites-nitrates.html

  3. Nitrates and NitritesWhat are they? Common Characteristics • Highly water soluble • Not volatile • Contain oxygen and nitrogen

  4. Nitrite NO2 Reacts with myglobin in meat Preservative: mainly curing meats Used in textiles, rubber, and photography

  5. Nitrate NO3 Produced by bacteria You consume approximately 80% of dietary nitrate values from vegetables Found in private wells from agricultural runoff and fertilizers

  6. Milk Transition There are 3 stages of breast milk. Colostrum Transition Mature Colostrum Mature

  7. Introduction Cont. • It is recommended that a baby be nursed by the mother for the first 6 months of their life. • Alternatives to human milk are formula, bovine (cow), and soy milks. • Human milk has significant nutritional and immunological benefits for the baby. It cannot adequately be replaced by any other food, including formula

  8. Introduction Cont. • Other tests have proven that human, soy, bovine, and formula milk all contain levels of nitrates and nitrites… • It is inferred that since human breast milk contain levels of nitrate and nitrites that they have some important and essential physiological functions.

  9. Regulations Acceptable Daily Intake • Nitrate – 3.7mg/kg of body weight • Nitrite – 0.06mg/kg of body weight For Foods and Water • Nitrate – 10mL/L or ppm • Nitrite – 1mL/L or ppm

  10. Methemoglobinemia AAAAA AA AAAAA AA AAAAA AA AAAAA AA

  11. Review of Literature • Review Nitrate, nitrite and N-nitrosocompounds.Gangolli SD, van den Brandt PA, Feron VJ, Janzowsky C, Koeman JH, Speijers GJ, Spiegelhalder B, Walker R, WisnokJSEurJ Pharmacol. 1994 Nov 1; 292(1):1-38. • What is a nitrate and nitrite? • Review Food sources of nitrates and nitrites: the physiologic context for potential health benefits.Hord NG, Tang Y, Bryan NS Am J ClinNutr. 2009 Jul; 90(1):1-10. • How nitrates and nitrites in food could affect your health • Effects of dietary nitrate on oxygen cost during exercise.Larsen FJ, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO, EkblomB ActaPhysiol (Oxf). 2007 Sep; 191(1):59-66 • How nitrates and nitrites affect you when exercising

  12. Review of Literature • Review Food sources of nitrates and nitrites: the physiologic context for potential health benefits.Hord NG, Tang Y, Bryan NSAmJ ClinNutr. 2009 Jul; 90(1):1-10. • In what foods you can get nitrates and nitrites from • Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Gartner LM, Morton J, Lawrence RA, Naylor AJ, O'Hare D, Schanler RJ, Eidelman AI, American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding Pediatrics. 2005 Feb; 115(2):496-506. • Breast milk facts, why you should feed breast milk • Nutrition During Lactation. National Academy Press; Washington, DC: 1991. Subcommittee on Nutrition During Lactation, Committee on Nutritional Status During Pregnancy and Lactation, Food, and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences. • Nutrition in breast milk

  13. Problem Statement To estimate potential exposure to nitrate and nitrite in human, formula, bovine, and soy milk to inform total dietary exposure estimates and recommendations.

  14. Methods and Materials aaaaaaaaa Aaaaa A aaa aaaaaaaaaa http://www.kveller.com/blog/parenting/pumping-on-the-set-of-big-bang-theory/attachment/breast-pump/ http://www.extension.org/pages/28320/collection-and-preparation-of-milk-samples-for-microbiological-culturing http://article.wn.com/view/2012/07/17/Research_and_Markets_Methanol_Industry_in_Japan/

  15. Methods and Materials AAAA AAAA aaaaaaaaaa AAa http://www2.volstate.edu/chem/1120/Qual_Anal_I.html http://www.keison.co.uk/grantbio_pv1.shtml http://www.scientificinternational.co.in/silma/how-does-it-work.html

  16. Methods and Materials An ENO-20 high performance liquid chromatography system was used to do the analysis • Clear separation of nitrite and nitrate from other compounds in biological liquid samples • Single injection to measure both nitrite and nitrate • http://www.eicom-usa.com/ENO-20.html

  17. Results Significantly higher nitrite Average infants normally consume/day Significantly lower nitrate

  18. Results Bovine and soy milks Nitrate intake were higher in pediatric formulas Formulas Highest nitrate exposure

  19. Results Cont. Colostrum is for a 3.2-kg infant For a 6.8-kg infant consuming 750 mL/day WHO= World health organization ADI= acceptable daily intake

  20. Discussion • The data suggests that the ratio of nitrate and nitrite changes in order to meet the changing metabolic demands of the infant. • It is reasonable to summarize that nitrite must be supplied through human milk to the newborn in order to derive the resulting vascular, immunologic, and gastroprotective benefits. • The infant needs the extra nitrites in the colostrum since it is not born with the enzyme that converts nitrates to nitrites.

  21. Discussion Cont. • Human milk provides a dietary source for nitrite prior to the establishment of lingual and gastrointestinal microbiota. Once the microbiota are established, these commensal organisms are capable of reducing dietary nitrate, to nitrite.

  22. Conclusion • Breast feeding might reduce the risk of or even prevent many health problems in children. • Breast feeding has been shown to reduce the risk of asthma, allergies, and childhood leukemia. • Breast fed babies have been shown to have a lower blood pressure later in life.

  23. Conclusion Cont. • The reduction in adult-onset diseases may be due to the early influence of nitrate/nitrite composition in the milk. • Humans are adapted to receive dietary nitrite and nitrate from birth and therefore, may not pose significant risks at levels naturally found in foods. • The absence of nitrite in baby formulas may contribute to many of the health disparities in formula-fed babies.

  24. Acknowledgements A big thanks to: -My family -Mrs. Gleason -Mrs. Ross

  25. Questions?

More Related