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Example Outcome and Impact Level Indicators DAC Network on Development Evaluation 10 th Meeting – 11 February 2010

Example Outcome and Impact Level Indicators DAC Network on Development Evaluation 10 th Meeting – 11 February 2010. Why are Outcome & Impact Indicators Needed?.

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Example Outcome and Impact Level Indicators DAC Network on Development Evaluation 10 th Meeting – 11 February 2010

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  1. Example Outcome and Impact Level Indicators • DAC Network on • Development Evaluation • 10th Meeting – 11 February 2010

  2. Why are Outcome & Impact Indicators Needed? 1. Assist country offices to develop a set of indicators for the programming level (e.g. to guide development and monitoring of a Country Strategy Paper) 2. To fill, as much as possible, the 'missing middle' between implementation indicators and global impact indicators

  3. The Missing Middle (1) Outputs Global Impacts Specific Impacts Intermediate Impacts Outcomes

  4. Attention 1. This is a simplified tool, not a template. Intervention logic must be developed for each country based on its context and existing government strategies 2. Indictors are not fixed but provide ideas on how to set, monitor and evaluate Country Strategy objectives 3. Crosscutting issues should be mainstreamed into relevant indicators (e.g. disaggregation of data by gender) 4. Outcomes/Impact are not fully attributable to development interventions Outputs are 100% attributable but attribution falls as you move up the chain of results

  5. Roads

  6. Common Indicator of Success Kilometres of Roads…

  7. Examples - Real Indicators of Success Kilometres of Road Other Factors Education Trade Time Health Jobs/Profits Cost Environment Poverty Reduction

  8. Intervention Logic Specific Impacts Global Impacts Output Clusters Outcomes Intermediate Impacts Lower Road Transport Time Greater Economic Accessibility Improved Conditions for Economic Growth Infrastructure (construction/ maintenance) Lower Road Transport Costs Greater Accessibility to Social Services Economic Growth Improved Institutional Management of Road System Institutional Reform Poverty Reduction MDG 1 Economic Increased Employment Social Development Environmental Impacts of Roads Minimised Environment Enhanced Human Capacity MDG 7 Enhanced Safety & Health Linked to Roads Social MDG 6

  9. Outcome Indicators Output Clusters Indicators Outcomes Lower Road Transport Time 1. Travel Times Infrastructure (construction/ maintenance) Lower Road Transport Costs 2. Transportation costs Improved Institutional Management of Road System Institutional Reform 3. Implementation and enforcement of laws related to roads Increased Employment 4. Employment resulting from construction and maintenance of roads Economic Environment Social

  10. Specific Impact Indicators Specific Impacts Indicators Output Clusters Outcomes 5. Access to roads 6. Use of public transportation 7. Business productivity Greater Economic Accessibility Lower Road Transport Time Infrastructure (construction/maintenance) Lower Road Transport Costs Greater Accessibility to Social Services 8. Access to social services Improved Institutional Management of Road System Institutional Reform Economic Environmental Impacts of Roads Minimised 9. Environmental effects of road system Environment 10. Road deaths and injuries 11. Disease transmissions influenced by improved mobility Enhanced Safety & Health Linked to Roads Social

  11. Intermediate Impact Indicators Specific Impacts Intermediate Impacts Indicators Outputs Outcomes Greater Economic Accessibility Lower Road Transport Time Infrastructure (construction/maintenance) 14. Employment 15. Trade Improved Conditions for Economic Growth Lower Road Transport Costs Greater Accessibility to Social Services Improved Institutional Management of Road System Institutional Reform Increased Employment Economic Environmental Impacts of Roads Minimised Environment 16. School attendance 17. Health attendance Enhanced Human Capacity Enhanced Safety & Health Linked to Roads Social

  12. The Missing Middle (2) Outputs Global Impacts Specific Impacts Intermediate Impacts Outcomes

  13. List of Key Indicators (with examples) 3. Implementation and enforcement of laws related to roads Number/type of prosecutions related to road offences; number/type of approved laws related to roads 4. Employment resulting from road construction and maintenance Number of people directly and indirectly employed in road construction and maintenance projects • Outcome Indicators • 1.Travel times • Public/Commercial transportation time • 2. Transportation costs • Cost of public transport fares; commercial operating costs 9. Environmental effects of road system Soil erosion directly related to roads; lead and carbon monoxide pollution; market share for unleaded petrol; number of vehicles meeting x environmental quality standard 10. Road deaths and injures Number of road deaths; number of road injuries 11. Disease transmissions influenced by improved mobility HIV/AIDS infection rate; TB infection rate Specific Impact Indicators 5. Access to roads Population living within x kilometres of a road network 6. Use of public transportation Number of people using public transportation 7. Businesses productivity Market return for traded goods; transfer to higher-value goods 8. Access to social services Number of people who live within x time of a school, health centre, or local government office; number of visits by government officials to towns/villages 14. School attendance School enrolment rates; school completion rates 15. Health attendance Number of visits to health centres; number of supervised births; child immunisation rates Intermediate Impact Indicators 12. Employment Employment opportunities within x travel time; increase in employment within x area 13. Trade Volume of trade between y and z regions; value of trade between y and z regions

  14. Education

  15. Education Intervention Logic Global Impacts Specific Impact Intermediate Impacts Outcomes Output Clusters Better Allocation of Educational Resources Improved Family Planning & Health Awareness Institutional Management Quality of Education Increased Affordability of Education Economic Growth Skills and Learning Enhancement Curricula & Teaching Materials Poverty Reduction Improved Participation in Society MDG 2 MDG 1 Equitable Access to Education Teacher Recruitment & Training Social Development MDG 2 Health MDG 3 Greater Income Opportunities Optimal Employment Education Facilities

  16. Outcome Indicators (1) Indicators Output Clusters Outcomes Better Allocation of Educational Resources 1. Transparent decision making Institutional Management Increased Affordability of Education 2. Cost for household Curricula & Teaching Materials Teacher Recruitment & Training Health 13. Employment: school/university construction and maintenance 14. Employment: teachers and government workers Optimal Employment Education Facilities

  17. Outcome Indicators (2) Results (Outcomes) Indicators Output Clusters Better Allocation of Educational Resources 3. Absenteeism & Drop Out 4. Teacher ratios/rates 5. Qualification of teachers 6. Teaching material ratios 7. Transition & Repetition Institutional Management Quality of Education Increased Affordability of Education Curricula & Teaching Materials • Equitable education participation • 9. Enrolment rate • 10. Completion rate • 11. Distance to school/university • 12. School and university places Equitable Access to Education Teacher Recruitment & Training Health Optimal Employment Education Facilities

  18. Specific Impact Indicators Specific Impact Output Clusters Outcomes Indicators Better Allocation of Educational Resources Institutional Management Quality of Education Increased Affordability of Education • Literacy & Numeracy rates • Examination results • Social views Skills and Learning Enhancement Curricula & Teaching Materials Equitable Access to Education Teacher Recruitment & Training Health Optimal Employment Education Facilities

  19. Intermediate Impact Indicators Specific Impact Intermediate Impacts Output Clusters Outcomes Indicator Better Allocation of Educational Resources Improved Family Planning & Health Awareness Institutional Management Quality of Education Increased Affordability of Education Skills and Learning Enhancement Curricula & Teaching Materials Equitable Access to Education Teacher Recruitment & Training Improved Participation in Society Health Greater Income Opportunities • Employability Optimal Employment Education Facilities

  20. List of Key Indicators (with examples) 11. Distance to school/university - x% of students within x kilometre of a school 12. School and university places - Educational places as an x% of eligible students Optimal Employment Outcome Indicators 13. Employment: school/university construction and maintenance - Number of people directly and indirectly employed in school/university construction and maintenance 14. Employment: teachers and government workers - Number of people directly & indirectly employed as teachers and government workers linked to education sector • Affordability Outcome Indicators • 1. Transparent decision making • - Implementation of transparent mechanisms to allocate resources between sectors (e.g. using tools such as average cost ratios per student for different educational levels) • 2. Cost for Household • - Cost of education (i.e. fees, materials/equipment, lunches etc) as a % of household expenditure; cost per student as a % of income per capita Quality Outcome Indicators 3. Absenteeism and drop out - Teacher/student absenteeism rates; drop out rates 4. Teacher ratios/rates - Student teacher ratio; rate of double shifting 5. Qualification of teachers - Average qualification of teachers at each educational level 6. Teaching material ratios - Student textbook ratio 7. Transition and repetition - Progression rates; repetition rates Specific Impact Indicators 15. Literacy and numeracy rates - Literacy and numeracy rates by age, sex and social group 16. Examination results - Examination results for various educational levels and subject areas by age, sex & social group 17. Social views - Support for violent conflict; prejudiced views towards other social groups Access Outcome Indicators 8. Equitable educational participation - Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education; ratio of other disadvantaged groups compared to x% of population 9. Enrolment rate - Gross and net enrolment rates 10. Completion rate - Gross and net enrolment rates Intermediate Impact Indicators 18. Employability - % of school leavers/graduates gaining paid employment (split by type of employment)

  21. Health

  22. Health Intervention Logic Intermediate Impacts Global Impacts Results (Outcomes) Specific Impacts Output Clusters Essential Medicines & Equipment Increased Affordability of Health Care Social Development Increased Service Utilization & Intervention Coverage Reduction in Mortality Regulation of Private Sector MDG 8 MDG 4 Enhanced Service Availability & Quality MDG 4 Institutional Reform MDG 5 MDG 5 Poverty Reduction MDG 6 MDG 6 MDG 6 Infrastructure Improved Health Behaviour MDG 1 MDG 5 Improved Health Awareness Education Reduction in Morbidity & Disability MDG 6 MDG 6 Economic Growth Reduced Health Risks MDG 6 Mitigation of External Risks MDG 7 Stronger Labour Markets Health Care Worker Recruitment & Training Optimal Employment

  23. Result (Outcome) Indicators Results (Outcomes) Indicators Output Clusters Essential Medicines & Equipment Increased Affordability of Health Care 1. Household expenditure (out-of-pocket) Regulation of Private Sector 2. Qualification of health care workers 3. Well equipped health facilities 4. Access to health facilities 5. Hospital beds 6. Availability to health care workers 7. Availability of drugs Enhanced Service Availability & Quality Institutional Reform Infrastructure 8. Awareness of infant & maternal care 9. Awareness of HIV/AIDS 10. Awareness of water borne diseases Improved Health Awareness Education Mitigation of External Risks Health Care Worker Recruitment & Training Optimal Employment 11. Employment in health sector

  24. Specific Impact Indicators Results (Outcomes) Specific Impacts Indicators Output Clusters 12. Antenatal care coverage 13. Births attended by skilled personal 14. Child immunisation 15. Family planning 16. Malaria treatment 17. TB detection & treatment 18. Antiretroviral therapy coverage 19. Diarrhoea treatment 20 Child vitamin supplementation Essential Medicines & Equipment Increased Affordability of Health Care Increased Service Utilization & Intervention Coverage Regulation of Private Sector Enhanced Service Availability & Quality Institutional Reform 21. Contraceptive use 22. Malaria prevention 23. Hand washing 24. Road safety Infrastructure Improved Health Behaviour Improved Health Awareness Education 25. Safe drinking water & basic sanitation 26. Food safety 27. Air pollution Reduced Health Risks Mitigation of External Risks Health Care Worker Recruitment & Training Optimal Employment

  25. Intermediate Impact Indicators Intermediate Impacts Results (Outcomes) Specific Impacts Output Clusters Indicators Essential Medicines & Equipment Increased Affordability of Health Care 28. Life expectancy 29. Maternal mortality 30. Child mortality 31. Adult mortality Increased Service Utilization & Intervention Coverage Reduction in Mortality Regulation of Private Sector Enhanced Service Availability & Quality Institutional Reform Infrastructure Improved Health Behaviour Improved Health Awareness 32. Spread of HIV/AIDS 33. Spread of malaria 34. Spread of TB 35. Disability levels Education Reduction in Morbidity & Disability Reduced Health Risks Mitigation of External Risks Stronger Labour Markets Health Care Worker Recruitment & Training Optimal Employment

  26. Affordability Outcome Indicators 1. Household expenditure (out-of-pocket) List of Key Indicators (with examples) 17. TB detection and treatment 18. Antiretroviral therapy coverage 19. Diarrhoea treatment 20 Child vitamin supplementation Service Availability & Quality Outcome Indicators 2. Qualification of health care workers 3. Well equipped health facilities 4. Access to health facilities 5. Hospital beds 6. Availability to health care workers 7. Availability of drugs Health Behaviour Specific Impact Indicators 21. Contraceptive use 22. Malaria prevention 23. Hand washing 24. Road safety Health Risks Specific Impact Indicators 25. Safe drinking water and basic sanitation 26. Food safety 27. Air pollution Health Awareness Outcome Indicators 8. Awareness of infant and maternal care 9. Awareness of HIV/AIDS 10. Awareness of water borne diseases Mortality Intermediate Impact Indicators 28. Life expectancy 29. Maternal mortality 30. Child mortality 31. Adult mortality Employment Outcome Indicator 11. Employment in health sector Service Utilization & Intervention Coverage Specific Impact Indicators 12. Antenatal care coverage 13. Births attended by skilled personal 14. Child immunisation 15. Family planning 16. Malaria treatment Morbidity & Disability Intermediate Impact Indicators 32. Spread of HIV/AIDS 33. Spread of malaria 34. Spread of TB 35. Disability levels

  27. Water & Sanitation

  28. Water & Sanitation Intervention Logic Economic Intervention Logic Public Health Intervention Logic Water and Sanitation: Intervention Logic Sustainable Eco-System Intervention Logic Global Impacts Intermediate Impacts Specific Impacts Output Clusters Outcomes Improved Conservation & Preservation of Water Reduced vulnerability of Ecosystem to climatic events Environment Sustainable National Water Supply MDG 7 Improved Use of Water & Sanitation Improved Conditions for Economic Growth Economic Growth Economic Increased Employment Improved Water & Sanitation Health & Hygiene Behavior Poverty Reduction Education MDG 1 Improved Quality of Water & Sanitation Social Development Increased Access to Water Institutional Reform Reduced Rate of Water Related Diseases Greater Equity in Allocation of Water & Sanitation MDG 7 MDG 4 Increased Access to Basic Sanitation Improved Health Infrastructure (construction/ maintenance) Increased Affordability of Water & Sanitation

  29. Water and Sanitation: Public Health Intervention Logic Global Impacts Intermediate Impacts Specific Impacts Outcomes Output Clusters • Indicators • Water and sanitation hygiene awareness • Domestic access to safe water • Access to basic sanitation • Indicators • Pollution of water and soil • Treatment of waste water • Equity in domestic water and sanitation allocation • Household expenditure on water and sanitation Improved Water & Sanitation Health & Hygiene Behavior • Indicator • Rate of water borne diseases Poverty Reduction Education Improved Quality of Water & Sanitation Social Development Increased Access to Water Institutional Reform Reduced Rate of Water Related Diseases Greater Equity in Allocation of Water & Sanitation Increased Access to Basic Sanitation Improved Health Infrastructure (construction/ maintenance) Increased Affordability of Water & Sanitation

  30. Water and Sanitation: Economic Intervention Logic Global Impacts Intermediate Impacts Specific Impacts Output Clusters Outcomes • Indicator • Efficiency of production • Indicators • Irrigation requirements • Employment resulting from water and sanitation construction and maintenance • Equity in allocation of water between sectors • Cost of water for businesses Improved Use of Water & Sanitation Improved Conditions for Economic Growth Economic Growth Economic Increased Employment Poverty Reduction • Indicator • Business access to water Social Development Increased Access to Water Institutional Reform Greater Equity in Allocation of Water & Sanitation Infrastructure (construction/ maintenance) Increased Affordability of Water & Sanitation

  31. Water and Sanitation: Sustainable Eco-System Intervention Logic Global Impacts Specific Impacts Intermediate Impacts Output Clusters Outcomes • Indicator • Sustainable extraction of water • Indicators • Availability of water • Preservation of water • Water leakages • Recycling of water Reduced vulnerability of Ecosystem to climatic events Environment Improved Conservation & Preservation of Water Sustainable National Water Supply Economic Growth Education Improved Use of Water & Sanitation Poverty Reduction Institutional Reform

  32. Specific Impact Indicators • Public Health • Water and sanitation hygiene awareness • - Improved collection and storage of drinking water • - Proportion of people hand washing • Use of hygienic sanitation facilities • Domestic access to safe water (inc. time savings) • - Households connected to water network for x months of year • - Households within 1km of safe water for x months of year • Households who receive more than 20 litres of water per day • Access to basic sanitation • Number of people with access to basic sanitation • Economy • Business access to water • - x% of agricultural water needs meet for x months of the year • x% of industrial water needs meet for x months of the year • Outcome Indicators • Public Health • Pollution of water and soil • Levels of chemicals, minerals, metals, pesticides etc in soil and water • Treatment of waste water • Proportion of domestic, agricultural and industrial waste water that is treated before being discharged • Equity in domestic water and sanitation allocation • - Rate of connection to water/sanitation network for slums/shanty towns compared to national average • Level of rural poor connection to water/sanitation network compared to national average • Household expenditure on water and sanitation • x% of household expenditure on water and sanitation by each income group in society • Economy • Irrigation requirements • Amount of water needed to produce xm² of x food • Employment resulting from water and sanitation construction and maintenance • Number of people directly and indirectly employed in water and sanitation construction and maintenance projects • Equity in allocation of water between sectors • Implementation of transparent public/private mechanisms to allocate water • Cost of water for businesses • - Water as a x% cost of agricultural value • Water as a x% cost of industrial value • Sustainable Eco-System • Availability of water • Change in water levels for lakes, rivers and water table • Preservation of water • Area of protected wetlands, lakes and rivers • Water leakages • % of water lost through water systems due to leakages • Recycling of water • - Amount of sanitation water that is recycled • Amount of water used in industry that is recycled • Specific/ Intermediate Impact Indicators • Economy • Business productivity • - x% change in food production/yield and processing costs • x% change in industrial production costs • Intermediate Impact Indicators • Public Health • Rate of water borne diseases • Inflection rates for diseases such as diarrhoea, intestinal worms, parasitic infections etc. • Sustainable Eco-System • Sustainable extraction of water • Annual extraction of from surface and ground water, in relation to its minimum annual recharge (i.e. water balance sheet)

  33. Agriculture & Rural Development

  34. Agriculture & Rural Development Intervention Logic Efficient Employment Non-Farm Agri-Labour Improved Access Markets Farm Inputs Information Services Capital Specific Impacts Global Impacts Intermediate Impacts Output Clusters Outcomes Higher Rural Income Mitigating Agricultural Price Volatility Economic Growth Provision of Public Goods Increased Profitability of Rural Business Poverty Reduction MDG’s 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 & 7 Increased Productivity Increased Affordability of & Subsistence in Food MDG 1 Greater Food Security Increased Production Increased Trade MDG 1 Enabling Economic & Regulatory Environment Social Development Improved Quality of Products Better Management of Natural Resources Improved Environmental Sustainability MDG 7

  35. Agriculture Based Economies (1) • Identified by: • Agriculture provides basis for growth • (i.e. contributes over 30% of GDP) • 70% of poor live in rural areas • Typical areas: • Sub-Saharan Africa • Regions within India & Mexico • Intervention focus: • Improve smallholder competitiveness • Ensure livelihoods and food security

  36. Agriculture Based Economies (2) Improved Access Markets Farm Inputs Information Services Capital Specific Impacts Global Impacts Intermediate Impacts Output Clusters Outcomes EfficientEmployment Higher Rural Income Non-Farm Mitigating Agricultural Price Volatility Economic Growth Agri-Labour Provision of Public Goods Increased Profitability of Rural Business Smallholder farming Poverty Reduction Increased Productivity Livelihoods & Food Security Increased Affordability of & Subsistence in Food Greater Food Security Increased Production Increased Trade Enabling Economic & Regulatory Environment Social Development Improved Quality of Products Better Management of Natural Resources Improved Environmental Sustainability

  37. Transforming Economies (1) • Identified by: • Agriculture no longer driver of growth (i.e. 7% of GDP) with rising urban-rural poverty gap • 82% of poor live in rural areas • Typical areas: • South/East Asia (e.g. China, India) • Middle East and North Africa (e.g. Morocco) • Intervention focus: • Comprehensive approach and multiple pathways out of poverty to reduce the urban-rural divide • shifting to high-value agriculture • decentralising non-farm economic activities to rural areas

  38. Transforming Economies (2) Improved Access Markets Farm Inputs Information Services Capital Specific Impacts Global Impacts Intermediate Impacts Output Clusters Outcomes EfficientEmployment Address Rural-Urban Income Disparity Increase non-farm employment Higher Rural Income Non-Farm Mitigating Agricultural Price Volatility Economic Growth Agri-Labour Provision of Public Goods Increased Profitability of Rural Business Poverty Reduction Increased Productivity Increased Affordability of & Subsistence in Food Greater Food Security Increased Production Increased Trade Enabling Economic & Regulatory Environment Shift to High Value Agriculture Social Development Improved Quality of Products Better Management of Natural Resources Improved Environmental Sustainability

  39. Urban-Based Economies (1) • Identified by: • Small agriculture sector (i.e. less than 0.5% of GDP) with high urban poverty • 45% of poor live in rural areas • Typical areas: • Latin America • Central Asia • Intervention focus: • Link farmers to modern food markets • Improve quality of agri-business and food industry • Introduce market for environmental services

  40. Urban-Based Economies (2) Improved Access Markets Farm Inputs Information Services Capital Specific Impacts Global Impacts Intermediate Impacts Output Clusters Outcomes EfficientEmployment Higher Rural Income Non-Farm Mitigating Agricultural Price Volatility Economic Growth Agri-Labour Provision of Public Goods Increased Profitability of Rural Business Poverty Reduction Increased Productivity Increased Affordability of & Subsistence in Food Greater Food Security Increased Production Increased Trade Enabling Economic & Regulatory Environment Social Development Improved Quality of Products Link farmers to modern food markets Better Management of Natural Resources Improved Environmental Sustainability Market for environmental services

  41. Outcome Indicators (1) Improved Access Markets Farm Inputs Information Services Capital Output Clusters Indicators Outcomes • Support for consumers vulnerable to short-term food price changes • Support for farmers vulnerable to short-term food price changes Mitigating Agricultural Price Volatility Provision of Public Goods • Access to road transportation • Access to land • Access to water • Access to seeds and fertilisers • Access to improved breeds of animals/fish • Access to extension services • Access to information on market Enabling Economic & Regulatory Environment • Availability of credit • Investment in rural areas • Establishing a rural business • Preservation of natural resources • Sustainable management practices • Environmental services Better Management of Natural Resources

  42. Outcome Indicators (2) Improved Access Markets Farm Inputs Information Services Capital Output Clusters Outcomes Indicators EfficientEmployment 16. Non-farm employment Non-Farm Mitigating Agricultural Price Volatility 17. Agriculture labour employment Agri-Labour Provision of Public Goods • Land productivity • Labour productivity • Capital productivity Increased Productivity • Production • Type of production/diversification Increased Production Enabling Economic & Regulatory Environment Improved Quality of Products 23. International marketing standards Better Management of Natural Resources

  43. Specific Impact Indicators Improved Access Markets Farm Inputs Information Services Capital Output Clusters Outcomes Indicators Efficient Employment 24. Agricultural prices 25. Growth in agricultural businesses 26. Growth in rural non-farm businesses Non-Farm Mitigating Agricultural Price Volatility Agri-Labour Provision of Public Goods Increased Profitability of Rural Business Increased Productivity Increased Affordability of & Subsistence in Food 27. Affordability of food 28. Subsistence in food Increased Production 29. Agricultural trade 30. Rural non-farm trade Increased Trade Enabling Economic & Regulatory Environment Improved Quality of Products Better Management of Natural Resources

  44. Intermediate Impact Indicators Improved Access Markets Farm Inputs Information Services Capital Output Clusters Indicators Outcomes Efficient Employment Higher Rural Income 31. Rural Income Non-Farm Mitigating Agricultural Price Volatility Agri-Labour Provision of Public Goods Increased Profitability of Rural Business Increased Productivity Increased Affordability of & Subsistence in Food Greater Food Security 32. Undernourishment Increased Production Increased Trade 33. Land sustainability 34. Sustainable extraction of water 35. Adapting to climate change Enabling Economic & Regulatory Environment Improved Quality of Products Better Management of Natural Resources Improved Environmental Sustainability

  45. List of Key Indicators (with examples) Production Outcome Indicators 21. Production 22. Type of production/diversification Quality Outcome Indicators 23. International marketing standards • Price Volatility Outcome Indicators • 1. Consumer vulnerability to short-term price changes • 2. Farmer vulnerability to short-term price changes • Improved Access Outcome Indicators • 3. Access to road transportation • 4. Access to land • 5. Access to water • 6. Access to seeds and fertilisers • 7. Access to improved breeds of animals/fish • 8. Access to extension services • 9. Access to information on markets • 10. Availability of credit • 11. Investment in rural areas • 12. Establishing a rural business • Natural Resource Outcome Indicators • 13. Preservation of natural resources • 14. Sustainable management practices • 15. Environmental services • Employment Outcome Indicators • 16. Non-farm employment • 17. Agricultural labour • Productivity Outcome Indicators • 18. Land productivity • 19. Labour productivity • 20. Capital productivity Profitability Specific Impact Indicators 24. Agricultural prices 25. Growth in agricultural businesses 26. Growth in rural non-farm businesses Affordability/Subsistence Specific Impact Indicators 27. Affordability of food 28. Subsistence in food Trade Specific Impact Indicators 29. Agricultural trade 30. Rural non-farm trade Rural Income Intermediate Impact Indicators 31. Rural income Food Security Intermediate Impact Indicators 32. Undernourishment Environment Sustainability Intermediate Impact Indicators 33. Land sustainability 34. Sustainable extraction of water 35. Adapting to climate change

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