The History of Cell Biology

1. The History of Cell Biology An Introduction to the Cell

2. Robert Hooke - 1665 English Scientist

3. “I could exceedingly plainly perceive it to be all perforated and porous… consisting of a great many little boxes.” Robert Hooke’s drawing of cork cells

4. In summary… • In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope to view a thin slice of cork • He could see “a great many little boxes” • They reminded him of the rooms monks lived in – “cells” • What he saw was the remains of dead plant cells

5. Anton van Leeuwenhoek - 1673 Observed first living cells.

6. Anton van Leeuwenhoek’s Microscope

7. Letter from the English Royal Society: 20th of October, 1676 Dear Mr. Anthony van Leeuwenhoek,Your letter of October 10th has been received here with amusement. Your account of myriad 'little animals' seen swimming in rainwater, with the aid of your so-called 'microscope,' caused the members of the society considerable merriment when read at our most recent meeting… … However, a vote having been taken among the members--accompanied I regret to inform you, by considerable giggling--it has been decided not to publish your communication in the Proceedings of this esteemed society. However, all here wish your 'little animals' health, prodigality and good husbandry by their ingenious 'discoverer.'Hendrik OldenburgSecretary of the Royal Society, London

8. In summary… • Anton van Leeuwenhoek saw the first living cells • He called them “animalcules” and noted that they had horns • What he saw were protists and their “horns” were cilia • He wasn’t believed at first!

9. Cell Theory Matthias Schleiden Theodor Schwann Rudolf Virchow

10. In summary… • Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann discovered plant and animal cells have nuclei • They surmised that all living things must have cells • In 1855, Rudolf Virchow reasoned cells come only from other cell • And cell theory was born!

11. Cell Theory • From there, scientists created a statement of cell theory • All living things are composed of one or more cells. • Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism. • Cells only come from the reproduction of existing cells.

12. We’ve Come a Long Way! • 1996 – Reaserachs in Scotland clone Dolly • 2004 – Tissue engineering used to grow new skin and bone for transplant

13. Cellular Basis of Life • Consist of organized parts • Obtain energy from surroundings • Perform chemical reactions • Change with time • Respond to the environment • Reproduce • Homeostasis • Share a common history

14. Diversity of Cells An Introduction to the Cell

15. Cell Shape

16. In summary… • Cells have a variety of shapes • “Diversity of shape reflects a diversity of function.” • Shape has evolved to allow the cell to perform its function effectively

17. Cell Size How Big is a...?

18. Cell Size • Volume of a Cube: Length x Width x Height • Surface Area of a Cube: Length x Width x Number of Sides • Time Out! Find the volume and surface area of 1 cm, 3 cm, and 6 cm cubes.

19. In summary… • Most cells are microscopic • Most plant and animal cells are 10 – 50 micrometers (0.002 inches) • Some bacteria cells are only 0.2 micrometers (0.000008 inches) • Cells are limited by the ratio between their outer surface area and their volume • The cell’s surface needs to be able to allow materials to enter or leave quickly enough to serve the cell’s need.

20. Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

21. Animal Cell

22. Plant Cell

23. In summary… • Prokaryotes • No membrane-bound nucleus • No membrane-bound organelles • They do contain DNA • These include bacteria • Eukaryotes • Organisms made up of one or more cells with: • Membrane-bound organelles • Nucleus

24. Colonial Organisms Volvox

25. True Multicellularity

26. Organ Systems

27. In summary… • Colonial organisms are genetically identical cells that live together in a connected group. • Specialized cells need each other to survive • Cells  Tissue  Organ  Organ System