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What is the biggest organism ever?

What is the biggest organism ever?. Apatosaurus ?. Blue whale?. Coast redwood?. None of the above – it’s a fungus. A single clone of the “honey mushroom” Armillaria can cover more than 2,200 acres (1,600 football fields). Fungi. Chapter 31. Fungal Origins. Choanoflagellates.

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What is the biggest organism ever?

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  1. What is the biggest organism ever? Apatosaurus? Blue whale? Coast redwood?

  2. None of the above – it’s a fungus A single clone of the “honey mushroom” Armillaria can cover more than 2,200 acres (1,600 football fields)

  3. Fungi Chapter 31

  4. Fungal Origins Choanoflagellates Diplomonadida Fungi Parabasala Euglenozoa Chlorophyta Rhodophyta Radiolaria Cercozoa Animalia Plantae Alveolata Stramenopila Amoebozoa Ancestral eukaryote Figure 28.4

  5. Fungal Form and Function Hyphae- thread-like filaments, one cell thick Reproductive structure or fruiting body Anatomy Hyphae and mycelium See Fig. 31.2 Mycelium – interwoven mass of hyphae

  6. Fungal Form and Function Anatomy Hyphae and mycelium Hyphae Mycelium

  7. Fungal Form and Function Aseptate hypha, a.k.a. coenocytic Septate hypha Anatomy See Fig. 31.3

  8. Fungal Form and Function Anatomy Cell walls contain chitin

  9. Fungal Form and Function Immobile adults

  10. Fungal Form and Function Unlike plants and animals, no distinct embryo is formed during early development

  11. Fungal Form and Function Nutrition Chemoheterotrophic Fungi exude exoenzymes that break down organic molecules that the fungi can absorb and use as a supply of both energy and carbon

  12. Fungal Form and Function Saprobic – if they digest dead organisms and waste products Nutrition Chemoheterotrophic Parasitic – if they digest live organisms Mutualistically symbiotic – form associations with other organisms for mutual benefit

  13. Fungal Life Cycles Haploid – most fungal hyphae and all spores have haploid nuclei Diploid – diploid nuclei are found transiently during the sexual phase (if present) Three ploidy types Heterokaryon – unfused nuclei from different parents occupying the same unit of hypha

  14. Fungal Life Cycles Reproduction Asexual – default mode under stable conditions; spores are produced

  15. Fungal Life Cycles Haploid (1n) spores are produced by mitosis Key Heterokaryotic stage Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasm) Diploid (2n) Spores are genetically identical to original mycelium KARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei) Spore-producing structures Zygote SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Spores ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Mycelium Spores disperse and germinate to produce new myceliun MEIOSIS GERMINATION GERMINATION Spore-producing structures Spores See Fig. 31.5

  16. Fungal Form and Function Reproduction Asexual – default mode under stable conditions; spores are produced Sexual – usually only under stressful conditions; spores are produced; many mating types possible (essentially like having many different sexes or genders)

  17. + – hyphae (n) fused hyphae (n + n) zygote (2n) + + – – sexual spores (n) zygotes (2n) Sexual reproduction in fungi fusion of compatible hyphae(plasmogamy) dispersal of spores fusion of nuclei(karyogamy) meiosis of “zygote-like” structures

  18. Sexual reproduction in fungi Haploid spores may disperse long distances away from the fruiting body

  19. Fungal Life Cycles Key Fusion of compatible hyphae (plasmogamy) Heterokaryotic stage Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasm) Diploid (2n) KARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei) Spore-producing structures Zygote SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Spores ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Mycelium MEIOSIS GERMINATION GERMINATION Spore-producing structures Spores See Fig. 31.5

  20. Fungal Life Cycles Key Fusion of compatible hyphae (plasmogamy) …initiates a heterokaryotic phase Heterokaryotic stage Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasm) Diploid (2n) KARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei) Spore-producing structures Zygote SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Spores ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Mycelium MEIOSIS GERMINATION GERMINATION Spore-producing structures Spores See Fig. 31.5

  21. Fungal Life Cycles Key Fusion of nuclei (karyogamy) Heterokaryotic stage Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasm) Diploid (2n) KARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei) Spore-producing structures Zygote SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Spores ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Mycelium MEIOSIS GERMINATION GERMINATION Spore-producing structures Spores See Fig. 31.5

  22. Fungal Life Cycles Key Fusion of nuclei (karyogamy) …initiates a zygotic phase Heterokaryotic stage Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasm) Diploid (2n) KARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei) Spore-producing structures Zygote SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Spores ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Mycelium MEIOSIS GERMINATION GERMINATION Spore-producing structures Spores See Fig. 31.5

  23. Fungal Life Cycles Key Fusion of nuclei (karyogamy) …initiates a zygotic phase …which is perhaps best described as “zygote like” Heterokaryotic stage Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasm) Diploid (2n) KARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei) Spore-producing structures Zygote SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Spores ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Mycelium MEIOSIS GERMINATION GERMINATION Spore-producing structures Spores See Fig. 31.5

  24. Fungal Life Cycles Key Meiosis in “zygote-like” cells produces spores or cells that will produce spores Heterokaryotic stage Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasm) Diploid (2n) KARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei) Spore-producing structures Zygote SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Spores ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Mycelium MEIOSIS GERMINATION GERMINATION Spore-producing structures Spores See Fig. 31.5

  25. Fungal Life Cycles Both asexual & sexual reproduction produce haploid spores Key Heterokaryotic stage Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasm) Diploid (2n) KARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei) Spore-producing structures Zygote SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Spores ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Mycelium MEIOSIS GERMINATION GERMINATION Spore-producing structures Spores See Fig. 31.5

  26. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Zygote fungi Club fungi Sac fungi Chytrids Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Glomeromycota Chytridiomycota Fugal Diversity 5 phyla Over 100,000 species described Over 1000 additional species described each year Loss of flagella* See Fig. 31.9 *Flagella may have been lost multiple times in the fist two lineages

  27. Classification of Fungi Phylum: Chytrids Ancient group – diverged earliest from the other fungi

  28. Classification of Fungi Phylum: Chytrids Ancient group – diverged earliest from the other fungi Aquatic – the only fungi with flagellated spores (zoospores)

  29. Sexual reproduction in a chytrid: flagellated spores spores

  30. Classification of Fungi Phylum: Chytrids Ancient group – diverged earliest from the other fungi Aquatic – the only fungi with flagellated spores (zoospores) Saprobic – majority Parasitic – some

  31. Classification of Fungi Phylum: Zygomycetes = Zygote fungi Sexual reproduction via zygosporangia (resistant heterokaryons) that produce genetically variable spores

  32. Key Black Bread Mold Haploid (1n) Heterokaryotic (1n + 1n) Diploid (2n) Plasmogamy Mating type (+) Mating type (-) Sexual reproduction Zygosporangium Karyogamy Asexual reproduction Meiosis See Fig. 31.12

  33. Classification of Fungi Phylum: Zygomycetes = Zygote fungi Sexual reproduction via zygosporangia (resistant heterokaryons) that produce genetically variable spores Asexual reproduction via sporangia that produce spores

  34. Key Black Bread Mold Haploid (1n) Heterokaryotic (1n + 1n) Diploid (2n) Plasmogamy Mating type (+) Mating type (-) Sexual Reproduction Zygosporangium Karyogamy Asexual Reproduction Meiosis See Fig. 31.12

  35. Classification of Fungi Phylum: Zygomycetes = Zygote fungi Sexual reproduction via zygosporangia (resistant heterokaryons) that produce genetically variable spores Asexual reproduction via sporangia that produce spores Mostly saprobic decayers of organic matter, e.g., soft fruit rot fungi and black bread mold

  36. Classification of Fungi Phylum: Zygomycetes = Zygote fungi Sexual reproduction via zygosporangia (resistant heterokaryons) that produce genetically variable spores Asexual reproduction via sporangia that produce spores Mostly saprobic decayers of organic matter, e.g., soft fruit rot fungi and black bread mold Some parasites, e.g., single-celled microsporidia

  37. Classification of Fungi Phylum: Glomeromycetes = Arbuscular mycorrhizae Associated with ~90% of plant species

  38. Classification of Fungi Phylum: Ascomycetes = Sac fungi Sexual reproduction via spores produced in asci (sac-like cases)

  39. Key Neurospora Haploid (1n) Heterokaryotic (1n + 1n) Conidia of mating type (-) Diploid (2n) Asexual Reproduction Plasmogamy Hyphae of mating type (+) Karyogamy Sexual Reproduction Meiosis SeeFig. 31.17 Ascocarp, ascus,and ascospores

  40. Classification of Fungi Phylum: Ascomycetes = Sac fungi Sexual reproduction via spores produced in asci (sac-like cases) Asexual reproduction via naked spores (conidia)

  41. Key Neurospora: an ascomycete Haploid (1n) Heterokaryotic (1n + 1n) Conidia of mating type (-) Diploid (2n) Asexual Reproduction Plasmogamy Hyphae of mating type (+) Karyogamy Sexual Reproduction Meiosis SeeFig. 31.17 Ascocarp, ascus,and ascospores

  42. Classification of Fungi Many saprobic species,e.g., Scarlet cups Phylum: Ascomycetes = Sac fungi

  43. Classification of Fungi Many parasites, especially of plants, but also of animals, e.g., Candida yeasts Phylum: Ascomycetes = Sac fungi

  44. Classification of Fungi Many symbionts with plants, e.g., truffles Phylum: Ascomycetes = Sac fungi

  45. Classification of Fungi Morels – Delicacy or deadly Phylum: Ascomycetes = Sac fungi

  46. Classification of Fungi Sources of many interesting chemicals E.g., Penicillium – the source of penicillin Phylum: Ascomycetes = Sac fungi

  47. Classification of Fungi Sources of many interesting chemicals E.g., the source of LSD Phylum: Ascomycetes = Sac fungi

  48. Classification of Fungi The yeasts used to brew beer… Phylum: Ascomycetes = Sac fungi

  49. Classification of Fungi …and bake breads and pizza crusts… Phylum: Ascomycetes = Sac fungi

  50. Classification of Fungi …but the mushrooms that top your pizza come from a different phylum…

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