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1) Globalization: Increased interaction and interdependency of the world…

1) Globalization: Increased interaction and interdependency of the world… - economically (trade, raw materials, labor, markets) - politically (more international interactions – cooperative and conflicting)

wynter-barton
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1) Globalization: Increased interaction and interdependency of the world…

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  1. 1) Globalization: • Increased interaction and interdependency of the world… • - economically (trade, raw materials, labor, markets) • - politically (more international interactions – cooperative and conflicting) • - socially / culturally (travel, education, entertainment, etc.)

  2. 2) Traditional industrial jobs: manufacturing • Labor in modern developed nations has transitioned to“knowledge workers”. • Greater focus on communications & computer- based “information industries”… requires more skills. • Traditional manufacturing jobs have moved to developing nations (“emerging nations”)… WHY? • - Plentiful cheap, semi-skilled & unskilled (less educated) labor force (OUTSOURCING!) • - Closer proximity to raw materials

  3. 3) Significance of national boundaries? • Decreases with globalization: • - Increasing trade volume (larger ships!) • - More communication infrastructure links more nations together • - MULTINATIONAL (“transnational”) corporations • - Production process is more DECENTRALIZED: (Manufacturing, assembly, managing, & retailing are spread out) • - More international trading alliances

  4. 4) FREE TRADE: • Increased volume of trade via reduced barriers to trade (esp. the removal of tariffs). • (Opposite: PROTECTIONISM – when a nation attempts to “protect” its domestic industries against foreign competition by increasing tariffs on competing imports). • Organizations promoting free trade: • - World Trade Organization (WTO) • - International Monetary Fund (IMF) • - World Bank • - European Union (EU) • - North American Free Trade Agreement • (NAFTA)

  5. 4) (cont.)… • “G8 Nations”:

  6. “Free” trade vs. “Fair” trade… considerations: • - Are workers in foreign countries fairly paid? Are their working conditions humane? • - Is the standard of living increasing in developing nations? Is the middle class growing? • - Is democracy getting stronger in developing nations? (Or, do foreign trade agreements help to support corrupt presidents and dictators?) • - Are basic needs affordable, or is privatization making basic needs too expensive?

  7. 5) BONUS: Toyota vs. Israel: Economic power measured how? Israel GDP: $207 billion Toyota global revenue: $208 billion (U.S. GDP: $15 TRILLION)

  8. 6) POSITIVE effects of globalization: + More trade = more peace & cooperation + Rising global standard of living + Job creation + Promotes investment in developing nations 7) NEGATIVE effects of globalization: - Unfair trade that disproportionately benefits developed nations (TEST: growing middle class & democratization) - Outsourcing of more jobs from developed nations - Developed nations get much richer, and faster, than developing nations - Erodes local cultures

  9. 8) ENVIRONMENTAL impacts of global industrialization: • - Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil)… • = pollution • = CO2 global warming • = acid rain • = ozone layer depletion • … effects on BASE OF FOOD CHAIN = ripple effects on entire ecosystem • - Land erosion, habitat destruction, mass extinction of species • - Earth ecosystem becomes UNBALANCED to sustain life as we’re familiar with it.

  10. 9) SUSTAINABLE growth & development: • - Development w/o depleting air, water, land resources (“green growth”) • - Growth with PRESERVATION of environment and CONSERVATION of resources • - BALANCING economic development VS. environmental concerns • Simply put, being able to “keep living like you’re living”, without running out of resources or destroying where & how you live.

  11. 10) WHO is responsible for sustainability? • - “Scientists & Economists”? • - Corporations? • - Government? • - Consumers? • - YOU?! • Is it what can “we” do…. or what can I do? • Action can only follow from self awareness.

  12. OBSTACLES to sustainable growth: - Focusing on short-term profits instead of a long-termsustainability(myopia, greed) - Companies & investors who profit off ofunsustainable production (i.e., fossil fuel industries) will spend a lot to keep it that way (lobbying, advertising, campaign contributions) - Abundance of cheap unsustainable resources (i.e. fossil fuels) - Consumer ignorance, apathy, and preference for convenience - Workers who depend on the income they receive from an unsustainable industry

  13. PATHWAYS to sustainable growth: • Key considerations… • … WHO PAYS for initiatives? • … should changes be VOLUNTARY or MANDATORY? • Can we reasonably depend on individual consumers, workers, and owners to voluntarily change how they behave in a free market, before a full-blown crisis materializes?

  14. PATHWAYS to sustainable growth: • Possible government actions: •  Tax policy (tax unsustainable practices at a higher rate, provide tax breaks for sustainable practices) •  Government funding of research & development (R & D) •  Government loans, capital for sustainable entrepreneurship in private sector •  More investment in education (esp. science, technology) •  Limit or ban unsustainable business models? • Also: • - Limiting population growth (economic development, family planning, female literacy & equal rights) • - Consumer / voter awareness & action (“thoughtful buying”?!)

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