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Calcium Requirements Beef Cattle - 1996

Calcium Requirements Beef Cattle - 1996. Maintenance: 15.4 mg Ca/kg body wt Gain: 7.1 g Ca/100 g protein gain Lactation: 1.23 g Ca/kg milk Pregnancy: 13.7 g Ca/kg fetal wt Distributed over last 3 months Correct for percentage of dietary Ca absorbed True absorption = 50%

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Calcium Requirements Beef Cattle - 1996

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  1. Calcium RequirementsBeef Cattle - 1996 • Maintenance: 15.4 mg Ca/kg body wt • Gain: 7.1 g Ca/100 g protein gain • Lactation: 1.23 g Ca/kg milk • Pregnancy: 13.7 g Ca/kg fetal wt • Distributed over last 3 months • Correct for percentage of dietary Ca absorbed • True absorption = 50% • Requirement = Sum of fractions/0.5

  2. Calcium RequirementsDairy Cattle - 2001 Requirements as absorbed Ca, g/d Maintenance Nonlactating: 0.0154g/kg body wt Lactating: 0.031g/kg body wt Growth (9.83*(mature wt0.22)*(body wt-0.22))*wt gain

  3. Calcium RequirementsDairy Cattle - 2001 • Pregnancy • See publication • Lactation • g/kg milk: 1.22 Holstein, 1.45 Jersey, • 1.37 other • Absorption of Ca • Forages - 30% • Concentrates - 60% • Inorganic Ca - 75%

  4. Calcium • Absorbed from duodenum and jejunum. • Active and passive absorption. • Vitamin D required for active absorption. • Efficiency of Ca absorption declines with • age and increases during lactation. • Some forms of Ca not readily absorbed • Oxylates - found in legumes. • Fat can reduce Ca absorption.

  5. Calcium • Ca deficiency • Rickets (abnormal bone development) • in young • Osteomalacia (demineralized bone) • in adult • Blood Ca not adequate indicator

  6. Sources of Calcium Feeds: Forages (leaves) tend to be high Grains tend to be low Supplemental: % Ca Ca carbonate 39.4 Ground limestone - Ca carbonate 34.0 Bone meal 30.7 Dicalcium phosphate 22.0 Ca sulfate 23.3

  7. Phosphorus RequirementsBeef cattle - 1996 • Maintenance: 16.0 mg P/kg body wt • Gain: 3.9 g P/100 g protein gain • Lactation: .95g P/kg milk • Pregnancy: 7.6 g P/kg fetal wt • Distributed over last 3 months • Correct for percentage of dietary P absorbed • True absorption = 68% • Requirement = Sum of fractions/0.68

  8. Phosphorus RequirementsDairy Cattle - 2001 Requirements as absorbed P, g/d Maintenance Lactating &nonlactating: 1.0 g/kg DM intake Growth (1.2 + (4.635*mature wt0.22)*(body wt-0.22)))*wt gain

  9. Phosphorus RequirementsDairy Cattle - 2001 • Pregnancy: • See publication • Lactation: • 0.90 g of P/kg milk • Absorption of P • Forages - 64% • Concentrates - 70% • Inorganic Ca - 70%

  10. Phosphorus Absorption occurs from small intestine. Absorption is an active process. Active form of vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxy) stimulates. Influenced by source, Ca, intestinal pH, Fe, Al, Mn, K, Mg, fat.

  11. Phosphorus • Deficiency: • Poor appetite • Weak fragile bones • Low conception • Poor growth • Poor feed efficiency • Low blood P

  12. Sources of Phosphorus • Feeds: • Forages tend to be low - dependent • on soil P. • Grains tend to be moderate to high. • Phytate P is utilized by ruminants. • Supplemental: % P • Dicalcium phosphate 19.3 • Bone meal 12.9 • Ammonium P (Mono) 24.7

  13. Calcium and Phosphorus Ruminants will tolerate Ca:P ratios of 1:1 to 7:1. At ratios above and below this range, there is poor growth and decreased nutrient utilization. Feeding too much P may cause bone resorption, elevated plasma P and urinary calculi.

  14. Magnesium Requirement Beef cattle Growing and finishing: 0.10 % of diet Gestating cows: 0.12 % of diet Lactating cows: 0.20 % of diet Growth 0.45 mg/kg gain Lactation 0.12 mg/kg milk Pregnancy 0.12, 0.21 and 0.33 mg/d for early, mid and late pregnancy

  15. Magnesium RequirementDairy Cattle - 2001 Requirements as absorbed Mg, g/d Maintenance Lactating & nonlactating: 3 mg/kg body wt Growth 0.45 g/kg body wt Pregnancy 0.33 g/day

  16. Magnesium RequirementDairy Cattle - 2001 • Lactation • 0.15 g/kg milk • Absorption of Mg • Feedstuffs 16% • Mg oxide 50%

  17. Magnesium • Deficiencies: • Young calves kept on milk diet: • Loss of appetite, poor performance, • increased excitability, tetany • Young: anorexia, convulsions, profuse • salivation, excitable • Lactating cows grazing lush pasture: • Tetany (grass tetany), poor absorption • of Mg

  18. Magnesium Mg is absorbed from the rumen. Absorption is high in young animals fed milk and declines with age. Mg in grains more available than Mg in forages. Excess Mg is excreted in urine. Cattle and sheep will tolerate 0.4 %to 0.5% Mg.

  19. Magnesium • Feeds: Plants are quite variable depending on species, soil concentrations, stage of growth, environmental temperature. • Legumes higher than grasses. • Grains usually contain 0.11 to 0.17 %. • Plant proteins sources 0.20 to 0.35 %. • Supplemental: % • MgO 56.2 • MgSO4 9.7 • MgCO3 30.2 • Mg in dolmitic limestone is poorly available.

  20. Potassium RequirementBeef - 1996 • Growing 0.6 % of diet • Beef cows 0.5 to 0.7 % of diet • Lactation Increase 0.1 % • Deficiency • Reduced feed intake, poor growth, • rough hair coat, chewing on wood, • reduced milk production • K absorbed from rumen and omasum • as well as intestine.

  21. Potassium RequirementDairy - 2001 • Growing and nonlactating • 0.038 g/kg body wt + 2.6 g/kg DM intake • Lactating • 0.038 g/kg body wt + 6.1 g/kg DM intake • Growth • 1.6 g/kg gain

  22. Potassium RequirementDairy - 2001 • Pregnancy • See publication • Lactation • 1.5 g/kg milk • Dietary K 90% available

  23. Potassium • Forages are excellent sources of K, >1%. • Decreases with maturity. • Grains are often poorer sources of K, 0.4%. • Supplemental • Potassium chloride 47.3 % • Potassium bicarbonate 39.0 % • Potassium sulfate 44.9 % • Stress • Heat - Transportation • Performance improved by levels of • 1.0% to 1.2% of diet DM.

  24. SodiumBeef - 1996 Requirement Nonlactating 0.06% - 0.08% of diet DM Lactating 0.10% of diet DM

  25. SodiumDairy - 2001 • Maintenance • Growing and nonlactating • 1.5 g/100 kg body wt • Lactating • 3.8 g/100kg body wt • Growth 1.40 g/kg of daily gain • Pregnancy See publication • Lactation 0.63 g/kg milk • Dietary Na 100% available

  26. Sodium Deficiency Chewing wood, licking dirt, reduced feed intake, reduced gain. Toxicity Ruminants tolerate high concentrations of salt in feeds - up to 9 to 10% of feed DM. 1.25 to 2.0% salt in water will reduce water and feed intake, weight loss and physical collapse.

  27. Sodium • Feeds of plant origin usually have inadequate • sodium. Feeds of animal origin have higher • concentrations of sodium. • % Na %Cl • NaCl 39.3 60.7 • NaCHO3 27.0 • Feed 0.2% to 0.3% of total diet as NaCl. • If NaCl is fed, Cl requirements are met.

  28. ChlorineDairy - 2001 • Maintenance • 2.25 g/100 kg body wt • Growth 1.0 g/kg of daily gain • Pregnancy See publication • Lactation 1.15 g/kg milk • Dietary Cl 90% available

  29. Cation - AnionBalance of diet Meq((Na+K) - (Cl))/kg Diet DM Meq ((Na+K) - (Cl+S))/kg Diet DM Meq((Na+K+0.15Ca+0.15Mg) - (Cl+0.6S+ 0.5P))/kg Diet DM

  30. Cation - AnionBalance of diet • If negative there tends to be metabolic acidosis • Decreased feed intake and • performance - All animals • Strategy used in dairy cows • prior to calving to prevent milk fever • Feed: • Ammonium chloride, Calcium chloride, • Magnesium chloride, hydrochloric acid

  31. Cation - AnionBalance of diet • If positive there tends to be metabolic • alkalosis • Benefits to having positive CAB for • growing animals and lactating cows • Do not know what ratio should be • for beef cattle in feedlot. • +200 to +300 Meq/kg feed DM for • lactating cows and young calves

  32. Grass Tetany • Result of low blood Mg • Lactating cows grazing lush spring • forage and 1 to 3 weeks into lactation • Forage low in Mg & Na, high in K & N • Removal of 0.15 g Mg for each liter of milk • Poor absorption of Mg • Loss of coordination, coma, death • Treatment: Intravenous Ca and Mg • Prevent: Supplement Mg

  33. Trace MineralsSulfur Requirement: 0.15 to 0.2% of diet is adequate. N:S ratio of 10:1. Required for synthesis of sulfur- containing amino acids by rumen organisms. Poor growth, excessive salvation, reduced wool growth, reduced rumen function.

  34. Trace MineralsSulfur Toxicity: > 0.5% of diet Reduced feed intake, restlessness, diarrhea. Water may contain high concentrations of sulfates. Up to 5,000 ppm. Supplemental sources: Sulfates, elemental S, sulfur amino acids.

  35. Trace MineralsCobalt Requirement: 0.08 to 0.2 mg/kg diet DM is adequate. Dairy-2001 indicates 0.11mg/kg Poor growth lack of appetite, weakness, decreased wool growth, decreased use of propionate (Vitamin B12 not produced in the rumen) Toxicity: In excess of 10 mg/kg diet DM Supplemental sources: Co sulfate, Co carbonate Co supply is limited, very expensive

  36. Trace MineralsZinc • Requirement: Growing: 30 mg/kg feed DM • Lactating: 60 mg/kg feed DM • Poor growth, listlessness, loss of wool, • poor reproduction, perakaratotic lesions • Toxicity: > 500 mg/kg feed • Reduced feed intake, Cu deficiency • Supplemental sources: Zn sulfate, Zn methionine, Zn oxide • Efficiency of absorption is 15%

  37. Trace MineralsIodine Requirement: 0.1 to 0.8 mg/kg diet DM is adequate. Greater requirement for lactation than growth, not increased by pregnancy. Dry cow - 0.33 mg/kg DM Lactating cow - 0.45 mg/kg Deficiency: Less thyroid hormones, enlarged thyroid glands, weak or dead lambs, calves born hairless, weak or dead Goitrogens in feed can increase requirement.

  38. Trace MineralsIodine • Toxicity: In excess of 5 mg/kg diet DM. • Reduced feed intake, less gain, nasal • discharge, salvation, decreased milk • production. • Supplemental sources: Ethylenediamine • dihydroiodine (often fed to reduce foot rot • in cattle, predominant source of I for • ruminants), iodides of Ca, Na & K (Often • added to salt) • 80 to 90% of dietary I is absorbed.

  39. Trace MineralsCopper • Requirement: • Beef cattle • 8 to 10 mg/kg diet DM is adequate. • Dairy cattle • Endogeous loss - 7.1 ug/kg body wt • Lactation - 0.15 mg/kg milk • Gestation - 0.5 to 1.5 mg/day • Dietary Cu 4% available • Absorption is decreased by sulfur (>.20%), Mo (2 mg/kg), Fe (500-800 mg/kg), Zn (>40 mg/kg) in the feed.

  40. Trace MineralsCopper Deficiency: Loss of hair pigment, anemia, poor growth, muscle incoordination, stringy wool, weak lambs, reduced growth, rough hair coat, scours. Toxicity: Sheep - 10 - 35 mg/kg feed DM Cattle - 40 to 100 mg/kg feed DM Supplemental sources: Cu sulfate (most available), Cu carbonate, Cu oxide (not readily available, lowest cost, most often used).

  41. Trace MineralsIron • Requirement: Sheep - 30 mg/kg feed DM • Cattle - 50 to 100 mg/kg feed DM • Anemia, poor growth, listlessness, • increased respiration. • Most feeds have adequate Fe for adults. • Milk-fed calves require supplemental Fe. • Fe+++ poorly absorbed.

  42. Trace MineralsIron Toxicity: > 1000 mg/kg feed 250 to 500 mg/kg feed may reduce Cu absorption. Reduced feed intake, diarrhea, poor growth Supplemental sources: Fe sulfate (most available), Fe chloride, Fe carbonate (most used by feed industry), Fe oxide (least available - should not be used)

  43. Trace MineralsManganese • Requirement: 20 mg/kg feed DM • Requirement affected by high Ca and • Fe - Increased excretion in feces • Poor growth, skeletal abnormalities, poor reproduction • Toxicity: > 1000 ppm • Reduced feed intake, diarrhea • Supplemental sources: Mn sulfate (most available, more expensive), Mn oxide (most often used). Forages contain more Mn than grains, corn is low. Absorption - <1.0%

  44. Trace MineralsMolybdenum Requirement: Sheep - 0.5 mg/kg feed DM Requirement affected by high S. Deficiency not observed in cattle. Toxicity: 5 to 20 mg/kg diet Cu deficiency, (anemia), reduced growth, infertility, diarrhea Supplemental sources: Most feeds are adequate.

  45. Trace MineralsSelenium • Requirement: 0.1 mg/kg feed DM • Supplementation in Se deficient areas • 0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg feed DM • Absorption is 45 to 60% • Degeneration of heart and skeletal muscles (white muscle disease - young calves and lambs), embryonic deaths, slow growth. • High sulfur may reduce absorption. Related to vitamin E.

  46. Trace MineralsSelenium Toxicity: > 2 mg/kg diet Blind staggers, sulleness, head lowered, ears drooped, loss of hair from tail, swollen feet, sloughing of hooves Supplemental sources: Na selenite, Na selenate (not used very much) FDA: Supplement up to 0.3 mg/kg diet DM

  47. Trace MineralsNickel • Requirement: Not established. • Component of urease in bacteria. • May be important for urease activity • in the rumen • Toxicity: > 50 mg/kg diet

  48. Toxic MineralsMaximum TolerableConcentrations mg/kg feed Aluminum 1,000 Arsenic 50 Bromine 200 Cadmium 0.5 Fluorine 40 Lead 30 Mercury 2

  49. Vitamins • Fat soluble • Vitamins A, D, E and K • Water soluble • Thiamine, niacin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, • pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid, • vitamin B12, vitamin C, choline • Water soluble vitamins synthesized in • the rumen or in body tissues

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