Joseph A. Erickson , Professor, Augsburg College, Minneapolis, Minnesota U.S.A.

1. What Makes Our Students More Personally and Socially Responsible? Experiential Learning’s Impacts on Attitudes & Behavior Joseph A. Erickson, Professor, Augsburg College, Minneapolis, Minnesota U.S.A.

2. Promoting Attitude Change Many advocates have promoted experiential learning’s capacity to influence student attitudes and beliefs, especially for students’ attitudes toward diversity, social justice and other pro-social attitudes.

3. Cautions and concerns At the same time, many researchers have cautioned practitioners about the potential for unintended consequences occurring when employing experiential learning—the potential for increased prejudice, stereotyping and victim blaming in learners.

4. Changing Attitudes and Beliefs • Changing attitudes and beliefs, whether they are pro-social (i.e., attitudes such as the reduction of prejudice or the enhancement of empathy for the disadvantaged) or civil (i.e., enhancing civic engagement and commitment to democratic and community values) involves substantial reflection and re-integration of personal identity and beliefs as well as the acquisition of new knowledge and skills.

5. Substantially similar processes Both pursuits involve substantially similar cognitive and affective change processes. Both tasks are very difficult to achieve and involve the possibility (even high probability) that even if the necessary conditions are present, change still may not occur.

6. What are these cautions and concerns? Allport pointed out, “Casual contact has left matters worse than before” (1954, p. 264).

7. Contact theory • Contact Theory: 1. Equal status contact 2. Pursuit of common goals 3. Intergroup cooperation 4. Support of authorities, custom or law 5. Long-term contact.

8. New Developments in Contact Theory On the Nature of Prejudice: Fifty Years After Allport: The conditions we have just reviewed (equal status, common goals, intergroup cooperation, and community support, along with the fifth condition of long-term contact) all remain important to the attitude change process.

9. Two additional factors • Several new issues have emerged in recent research. Two seem especially relevant: • the important role of affect, particularly anxiety, in facilitating or inhibiting attitude change • the importance of rousing a sense of identity among participants.

10. Recent empirical support Conner, J. (2010). Learning to unlearn: How a service-learning project can help teacher candidates to reframe urban students, Teaching and Teacher Education, Vol 26, Issue 5, pp. 1170-1177. Conner (2010) found support for Contact Theory in a study of teacher candidates. Prospective educators’ attitudes improved towards urban students over the course of the experiment. The study demonstrates the power of this approach for having positive benefits on attitude change.

11. We must attend to these factors Experiential learning, designed and implemented in such a way as to meet the conditions set out in Contact Theory should be expected to enhance academic learning and attitude change over instruction that does not involve these components.

12. If not, worsening of attitudes is probable We can expect poor outcomes with respect to students’ attitude change, and we will also see a worsening of student attitudes in the very domains in which we want to have impact.

13. For more information: • The Future of Service Learning, by Strait and Lima (2009) Chapter 7: Service-Learning’s Impact on Attitudes and Behavior This book is published by Stylus Publishing, Sterling, VA. • E-mail:<erickson@augsburg.edu> • <http://web.augsburg.edu/~erickson/AACU2011/>