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Carl Rogers

Carl Rogers. Born in suburb of Chicago (Oak Park) in 1902 Strict, controlling, religious parents Childhood spent in solitary pursuits 2 years at the Union Theological Seminary Ph.D clinical psychology from Columbia University Teachers College in 1931.

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Carl Rogers

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  1. Carl Rogers • Born in suburb of Chicago (Oak Park) in 1902 • Strict, controlling, religious parents • Childhood spent in solitary pursuits • 2 years at the Union Theological Seminary • Ph.D clinical psychology from Columbia University Teachers College in 1931

  2. Rogers’ Client-Centered Therapy:Assumptions about Human Nature • Internal Frame of Reference • Person’s behavior - understood from this frame of reference • Human beings are innately good. • Need for unconditional positive regard from others. • Humans are purposive & goal-directed.

  3. Rogers’ Client-Centered Therapy:Assumptions about Human Nature • Core of human life resides in SELF-EXPERIENCE • Value of life is in PRESENT • Basic Human Need - Deep Human Relationship • “Internal Rationalities” - people do the best possible thing if conditions are present

  4. Development of Personality • Self-Concept: picture or image people have of themselves. • Self-Experience: all that is occurring within the organism that is potentially available to awareness. • Ideal-Self: the self-concept the person would like to possess. • Incongruence: the difference between the self-concept and the self-experience. • Actualizing Tendency: “the inherent tendency of the organism to develop all its capacities in ways that serve to maintain or enhance the organism..” (Rogers, 1961)

  5. Case Example Person Smith Self-Concept “How I see me” Self-Experience “How I really am” Lonely Angry Fearful Smart Manipulative Compulsive Joyful Insecure Lonely Honest Trustworthy Smart Incongruence

  6. Psychopathology : • No dividing line between normality and psychopathology. • Avoid diagnostic labels: “..such categories as pseudoscientific efforts to glorify the therapist’s expertise and depict the client as a dependent object..” (Rogers, 1951) • Defense: responding to experiences that threaten the self-concept (distortion, denial) • Neurosis: Powerful conditions of worth in self-concept. Incongruent with totality of experience. • Psychosis: Person is badly hurt by life, needs corrective influence of a deep interpersonal relationship.

  7. Case Example: Therapy Begins Person Smith Self-Concept “How I see me” Self-Experience “How I really am” Joyful Insecure Lonely Honest Trustworthy Smart Lonely Angry Fearful Smart Manipulative Compulsive Moving toward Congruency

  8. Therapeutic Procedures • No Couch • No use of interpretation • No investigation of client’s past • No dream analysis • Client must perceive three characteristics in the therapist: Genuine: therapist in touch with his/her own personal experience Empathic: attuned to the client’s feelings and beliefs Unconditional positive regard: Non-judgmental, non-possessive respect and caring for client’s self-concept and feelings

  9. Mechanism of Change • Abandon the defensive facades that protect incongruent self-concept. • Accept anxiety-provoking aspects of self-experience. • Move from incongruence to congruence. • Establishing a constructive interpersonal relationship with therapist.

  10. Criticisms • Completely optimist and simplistic view of human nature. • Three therapeutic conditions are necessary but insufficient. • Implies therapist must be congruent. • Diagnosis is also important. • Avoids confrontation--therapy needs to be confrontational.

  11. Research • Conducted on three characteristics: genuineness, empathy, and unconditional positive regard. • Some studies found these related to constructive change in therapy, other studies have found no relationship (Epstein, 1980) • Self-concept has also been studied. Research supports notion that therapy is usually related to increased self-acceptance (Wylie, 1984)

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