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Pre Columbian North America

Pre Columbian North America. Craig Self. The Americas Before 1492…. Before the arrival of Europeans, native populations in North America developed a wide variety of social , political, and economic structures based in part on interactions with the environment and each other.

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Pre Columbian North America

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  1. Pre Columbian North America Craig Self

  2. The Americas Before 1492… • Before the arrival of Europeans, native populations in North America developed a wide variety of social, political, and economic structures based in part on interactions with the environment and each other

  3. The Americas Before 1492… • As settlers migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America, they developed quite different and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments.

  4. Corn & the Pueblo • Corn was the main staple of the Pueblo • Adapted to live near corn (water, fertile soil, perma housing) • Combined hunting, gathering and farming • Domesticated turkeys • Deer attracted to fields • Became vulnerable to drought and nature

  5. Chinook and Trade • Chinook language the basis of NW trade • Peaceful due to prosperity • Internal conflict handled via ritual challenge • Head flattening…?

  6. Plains Indians & the Horse • Adaptation to the dependence on buffalo • From farming cultures but abandoned it • American midwest & high desert

  7. Skill 1: Historical Causation • Identifying and analyzing the RELATIONSHIPS among historical events as both CAUSE and EFFECT.

  8. Iroquois & Algonquin • NE seaboard • Mixed Agricultural and Hunter-Gatherer society • Permanent villages

  9. Algonquin • Semi nomadic (seasonal villages) • Farming, hunting, fishing • Southern settlements more stable and larger than northern • Eventually would make dozens of treaties with Europeans • Villages structured on clans

  10. Iroquois • Confederation of 5 main tribes • Council to keep the peace • Matrilineal descent • Hiawatha

  11. Cahokia

  12. Spanish & Portuguese Exploration • Racially based caste system • Mestizo • Peninsulares (Gauchupino) • Zambo • Introduction of the slave trade

  13. Spanish Economic Systems • Livestock • Plantation agriculture • Encomienda system

  14. The Columbian Exchange

  15. Europeans Other Than the Spanish & Portuguese • English • Dutch • French

  16. Dutch & French Fur Trade, 17th c.

  17. Walter Raleigh • English explorer, privateer and colonist • Friend of Queen Elizabeth • Names Virginia after her • Founds Roanoke, which fails • Base for privateers

  18. Privateers • A privateer or "corsair" was a private person or ship authorized by a government by letters of marque to attack foreign vessels during wartime. • English royal “pyrates” • Allowed to plunder Spanish ships and ports

  19. The Black Legend • Portrayal of the Spanish as excessively cruel, bigoted and self-righteous • Shapes much western thought on Spain • Attributable to racial beliefs and the Spanish treatment of the Americas

  20. St. Augustine • Founded in 1565 and considered (wrongly!) to be oldest continually settled city in the USA • Served as capital of Spanish Florida for 200+ years • Penitas, TX - 1520

  21. Spanish Mission System •  to convert, educate, and "civilize" the indigenous population and transform the natives into Spanish colonial citizens. • The indigenous people weren’t always thrilled… • American southwest & west • The Alamo, The Presidio…

  22. Juan Oñante • Spanish governor of the Southwest, late 1590s • Claimed all of N.M. • Reputation as cruel • Battle of Acoma • 800 killed and 80 men had feet amputated, 200+ women sold as slaves • Eventually called to answer for behavior but pardoned • “The Last Conquistador”

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