Cell Biology Illinois Coaches Clinic 2008

1. Cell BiologyIllinois Coaches� Clinic 2008 By: Matt Schwartz matthew-schwartz@u.northwestern.edu

2. Outline What is Cell Biology? Some Helpful Background Topics Covered Event Changes Common Pitfalls Resources Questions/Discussion

3. What is Cell Biology? Cell biology is the academic study of the structure and function of cells. May be stations test May include �demonstrations, experiments, scientific apparatus, models, illustrations, specimens, data collection and analysis, and problems� on the topics listed in the rules

4. Some Helpful Background Microscopy Light vs. Electron Fluorescence, DIC, Phase Contrast Difference between magnification and resolution Students should understand how to operate a basic dissecting microscope and be familiar with micrographs Advanced Microscopy: Confocal, Convolution Advanced Techniques: FRET, FRAP, FLIP

5. Microscopy

6. Some Helpful Background Famous Experiments Griffith Beadle and Tatum Hershey and Chase Meselson and Stahl Important Techniques Gel electrophoresis (Agarose, PAGE, SDS) Chromatography Southern/Northern/Western Blotting PCR and RT-PCR Immunoprecipitation Centrifugation Spectrophotometer Interpreting Graphs Scientific Method

7. Regional and State Topics Covered Biological monomers and polymers pH Enzymes Cell organelles/structures and their function Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells Qualitative aspects of photosynthesis and respiration Membrane structure and function Movement across membranes Importance of ATP Structure of Viruses Cell Cycle

8. Biological monomers and polymers Chemical composition of basic monomers and most common examples Covalent bonding between monomers Noncovalent interactions Structure of polymers Function of polymers Functional groups Properties of water

9. Biological Monomers Sample Questions Which of the following are structural isomers of glucose? I. Galactose II. Sucrose III. Mannose IV. Fructose a. I, II, and IV b. I and II c. I, III, and IV d. I and III e. I and IV Fatty acids are termed ___amphipathic________ because they have both a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.

10. pH Hydrogen ion concentration Logarithmic scale Hydrogen ion exchange

11. Enzymes Enzymes are catalysts: lower activation energy Active and Allosteric sites Positive and negative feedback Competitive, non-competitive, and uncompetitive inhibition Plotting reaction rates (Michaelis-Menton and Lineweaver-Burk) and free energy Cofactors

12. Enzymes Sample Questions How does an enzyme speed up the rate of a reaction? Decreases the activation energy Increases the permissive temperature of the reaction Forces the reactants together Donates electrons to the reaction What is the process by which the product of an enzymatic pathway may inhibit an earlier enzyme in the pathway? Feedback Inhibition

13. Cell Organelles Nucleus Rough ER Smooth ER Golgi Endosome Lysosome Peroxisome Mitochondria Chloroplast Vacuole Flagellum Cilia Ribosomes Centrosomes Cell Wall Cell Membrane

14. Organelles Sample Questions What is the function of the rough ER? The site of translation for proteins destined to be sorted. The site of lipid synthesis and storage of calcium ions in muscle tissue. The site of processing for proteins destined for secretion. Responsible for sorting of endocytosed material before transport to the lysosome. What is the function of the smooth ER? The site of translation for proteins destined to be sorted. The site of lipid synthesis and storage of calcium ions in muscle tissue. The site of processing for proteins destined for secretion. Responsible for sorting of endocytosed material before transport to the lysosome. What is the function of the Golgi apparatus? The site of translation for proteins destined to be sorted. The site of lipid synthesis and storage of calcium ions in muscle tissue. The site of processing for proteins destined for secretion. Responsible for sorting of endocytosed material before transport to the lysosome.

15. Other Structures Cytoskeleton Actin, Intermediate filaments, microtubules ECM Nucleus Nucleolus, Nuclear pore Adhesion Adherens junctions, Tight junctions, Gap junctions, Desmosomes, Hemidesmosomes, Focal Adhesions, Plasmodesmata

16. Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells

17. Differences Sample Questions TRUE or FALSE: Prokayotes have linear DNA molecules found in a nucleus TRUE or FALSE: Eukarotic flagella are composed of the protein flagellin TRUE or FALSE: Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes have introns. TRUE or FALSE: All bacteria and no eukaryotes have peptidoglycan in their cell walls TRUE or FALSE: Prokaryotes undergo mitosis and cytokinesis. TRUE or FALSE: Eukaryotes and prokaryotes have the same sized ribosomes. TRUE or FALSE: Only eukaryotes contain microtubules.

18. Energetics ATP Hydrolysis and Phosphorylation Catabolism vs. Anabolism Qualitative understanding of Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis including reactants, products, important intermediates, most important enzymes, and electron carriers Electron Transport Chain Oxidative Phosphorylation vs. Substrate Level Phosphorylation

19. Energentics Sample Questions Which of the following statements about phosphofructokinase are true? I. It is allosterically inhibited by ATP II. It is allosterically inhibited by citrate III. It is activated by the Fructose 2,6- bisphosphate IV. ATP is consumed through its function V. It is inhibited by glycogen a. I, II, and III b. I and II c. II, III, and IV d. II and III e. I and IV f. I, II, III, IV, and V All ATP produced during glycolysis is made by what process? Oxidative phosphorylation ATP Synthase Substrate level phosphorylation Glucodigestion Which of the following is not another name for the citric acid cycle? Krebs cycle Tricarboxylic acid cycle Calvin cycle Which enzyme of the citric acid cycle represents the rate limiting step? Fumarase Citrate synthase Malate dehydrogenase Succinate dehydrogenase

20. Membrane Structure and Function Composition of the membrane Properties of lipid bilayer Amphipathic Sealed compartments Semipermiable Function of membrane proteins Diffusion of phospholipids and proteins Saturated vs. Unsaturated Role of Cholesterol Detergents

21. Movement Across Membranes Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Active Transport Osmosis Hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic Ion Channels, Sodium-Potassium pump, concentration gradient Cell-Cell and Cell-Matrix adhesion

22. Membrane Sample Questions Why is triacylglycerol not suitable to be part of the plasma membrane? Not amphipathic How do detergents interact with a phospholipids bilayer? They solubilize the membrane by disrupting hydrophobic interactions They are lipase that digest phospholipids They increase the rigidity of the membrane by fitting between phospholipids They form micelles and surround the bilayer blocking molecules from entering the membrane

23. Structure of Viruses ssDNA, dsDNA, ssRNA, or dsRNA Can�t replicate without a host Reverse Transcriptase and Retroviruses

24. Cell Cycle and Control G1, S, G2, and M G0 Control Points Cyclin + CdKs Ubiquitination of cyclin Anaphase Promoting Complex Oncogenes (ex. Ras) Tumor Suppressor Genes (ex. p53) Details of Mitosis? Details of DNA replication?

25. Cell Cycle Sample Questions What protein is most directly responsible for the inactivation of M-Cdk? Anaphase Promoting Complex What is the principle microtubule-organizing center of animal cells? Centrosome Individual microtubules alternate between growing and shrinking by a process know as what? Dynamic Instability

26. Event Changes Lab-practical: I would expect more questions involving the use of microscopy and common laboratory techniques as well as questions involving the interpretation of experimental data and graphs. Structures: Hard to tell exactly what this could mean in addition to organelles but perhaps aspects of cell adhesion, the cytoskeleton, and the parts of the nucleus. Really intends any functionally distinct �structure� in a cell. Remember structure would also include prokaryotes which didn�t otherwise have organelles. Qualitative: No questions dealing with any number of ATP or electron carrier molecules.

27. Common Pitfalls Test often far too easy making it hard to differentiate teams. Test should focus more on specifics at least for tiebreakers. Students often have difficulty interpreting graphs Students also tend to not understand the details of cell cycle regulation It is possible that functions of organelles could involve specific details about almost any cellular process but unlikely outside of those specifically listed Inclusion of the cell cycle could imply details of mitosis, meiosis, and DNA replication.

28. Resources Advanced high school biology book: Biology, Campbell and Reece Intro college cell biology book: Essential Cell Biology, Alberts et. al. Advanced college cell biology book: Molecular Cell Biology, Lodish et. al.

29. Questions/Discussion?