The Life Process of Respiration

1. The Life Process of Respiration

2. Cellular Respiration

3. Connections:Photosynthesis&Cellular Respiration

4. Cellular Respiration A. Purpose: 1. Energy is extracted from glucose, as it is broken down into simpler compounds. 2. This energy is stored as a high energy molecule called ATP.

5. Why is my body like a burning fire?How do we make beer and wine?

6. C6H12O6 + O2 --->CO2 + H2O + energy Cellular Respiration Process Exergonic & Catabolic{Gives off energy & breaks down molecules}

7. Respiration

8. Evolutionary History • Anaerobic pathways probably evolved FIRST: needs no oxygen • Prokaryotes + protists were small, needed little energy)

9. II. Anaerobic Respiration A: Description: Cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of “free” oxygen. 1. Anaerobic Respiration occurs in the cytoplasm of the cells. 2. There is only a partial breakdown of the glucose molecules brought in. - only a small amount of the energy stored in glucose is extracted and stored as ATP (this method is inefficient)

10. II. Anaerobic Respiration C. Results of Anaerobic Respiration: • There is a net gain of 2 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule taken apart. • In humans anaerobic respiration is the first step in a two step process.

11. II. Anaerobic Respiration • In other organisms, anaerobic respiration is their only method of making energy. • They will convert the pyruvate made into a waste product and excrete it. • Waste products made include alcohol and lactic acid. • This process is known as fermentation

12. II. Anaerobic Respiration B. Process of Anaerobic Respiration: 1. Glycolysis: splitting of glucose

13. Alcoholic Fermentation • Formation of alcohol (type you CAN drink) from glucose • Yeast mixed with juices of sugar‑containing plants (potatoes, agave, sugar cane), stored under anaerobic conditions

14. Fermentation • ENDERGENIC reaction, yielding a net gain of 2 ATP per molecule of Glucose • Once sugar content is used up, fermentation stops, alcohol level is fixed.

15. Lactic Acid Pathway • Formed in animal muscle cells when O2 is scarce or absent (When your muscles burn) • Produced when strenuous exercise exceeds immediate demands of muscle tissues

16. Lactic Acid Pathway • Excess produces pain, fatigue • When O2 is available again, re-synthesized in liver to pyruvate • also yields only 2 ATP • CRITICAL to keep the body going in time of need

17. ALL occur in the cristae folds of the mitochondria Oxidation of Pyruvate Kreb’s Cycle Electron Transport Chain Aerobic Respiration = 3 Stages

18. III. Aerobic Respiration A. Definition- • enzyme controlled series of chemical reactions resulting in the net synthesis of 36 ATP molecules from the oxidation of glucose in the presence of free oxygen.

19. III. Aerobic Respiration B. Process: Glucose + 6 O2 ---> 2 H2O + 6 CO2 + 36 ATP 1. The Anaerobic phase (glycolysis) is the first step of Aerobic respiration (2 ATP made) 2.The second (Aerobic) phase is known as the Krebs Cycle (2 ATP made) 3. The third phase, which produces the most energy, is called the electron transport chain. (32 ATP made)

20. Aerobic Glycolysis • Energy is generated by a series of reactions which is ultimately used to form ATP from ADP

21. Aerobic Glycolysis • Occurs in the cytoplasm, in the presence of oxygen • Splits ONE glucose into TWO pyruvate molecules (pyruvic acid) • Reaction is first ENDERGONIC (takes in energy), then EXERGENIC (gives off energy)

22. Kreb’s Cycleaka the Citric Acid Cycle

23. Electron Transport Chain 1) Involves a drop in energy levels from one carrier to the next 2) Ultimately converts ADP to ATP 3) Forms molecules of WATER at the end (CHEMIOSMOSIS: The movement of Ions down the concentration gradient)

24. Summary • Generates 95% of the ATP made by heterotrophic organism’s cells

25. Whew! My brain cells are tired…using up all that ATP. Mr. Bronstad how about a break?