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The Chemistry of Respiration

The Chemistry of Respiration. energy and mitochondria clip. Adenosine triphosphate. The energy released during respiration is not used directly by cells. Instead it is used to make a molecule called ATP which stores the energy until it is needed. ATP = A denosine t ri p hosphate.

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The Chemistry of Respiration

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  1. The Chemistry of Respiration energy and mitochondria clip

  2. Adenosine triphosphate • The energy released during respiration is not used directly by cells. • Instead it is used to make a molecule called ATP which stores the energy until it is needed. ATP = Adenosine triphosphate

  3. What does ATP do? • ATP supplies energy for all the processes that need it. • For example: • movement • chemical reactions • growth. slow twitch/fast twitch investigation

  4. adenosine Pi Pi Pi Structure of ATP

  5. Formation of ATP ATP is made when another molecule called adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is bonded to a third inorganic phosphate (Pi) using the energy released from glucose.

  6. adenosine Pi Pi + Pi adenosine Pi Pi Pi Energy from respiration Enzymes Energy Rich bond formed

  7. Summarised as: ADP + Pi ATP The whole process is under the control of enzymes

  8. The role of ATP • ATP stores the energy in the third bond of the molecule • The energy is released when that bond is broken to release the third inorganic phosphate (Pi) .

  9. adenosine Pi Pi + Pi adenosine Pi Pi Pi ATP Enzymes ADP Energy released to do work

  10. ATP ATP energy (in) energy (out) energy (out) cellular respiration cellular respiration cell activities cell activities ADP + Pi Summary The whole process is an enzyme controlled reaction.

  11. Aerobic Respiration Aerobic respiration = respiration with oxygen.

  12. glucose + OXYGEN energy + carbon dioxide + water(to make ATP)

  13. Aerobic respiration happens in 2 stages: Stage 1 – Glycolysis glycolysis glucose splitting

  14. In glycolysis, a glucose molecule is broken down into pyruvic acid. glucose series of enzyme controlled reactions energy released to make small quantity of ATP (2 molecules) pyruvic acid Glycolysis does not require oxygen

  15. Stage 2 – Breakdown of pyruvic acid The pyruvic acid made in glycolysis (stage1) still contains a lot of energy It can only be broken down to release the rest of the energy in the presenceofoxygen.

  16. pyruvic acid energy released to make large quantity of ATP (36 molecules) series of enzyme controlled reactions carbon dioxide + water

  17. ATP production – summary glucose 2 ADP + 2 Pi = 2 ATP pyruvic acid 36 ADP + 36 Pi = 36 ATP carbon dioxide + water

  18. Summary of ATP production • Stage 1 and 2 release all the chemical energy in one molecule of glucose to make a total of 38ATP molecules. 2 molecules ATP from glucose  pyruvic acid 36 molecules ATP from pyruvic acid  carbon- dioxide +water Total 38 molecules ATP

  19. Anaerobic Respiration(in animals) anaerobic = in the absence of oxygen

  20. In low oxygen conditions or during heavy exercise, when not enough oxygen can be supplied, muscle cells swap to anaerobicrespiration

  21. glucose glycolysis still happens as it does not require oxygen 2 ADP + 2 Pi 2 ATP pyruvic acid in absence of oxygen pyruvic acid is turned into lactic acid. lactic acid

  22. A build up of lactic acid produces musclefatigue. Muscle fatigue makes muscles ache and contract less powerfully.A recovery period is needed. During this time more oxygen is taken in to convert the lactic acid back into pyruvic acid again.The volume of oxygen needed is called the oxygendebt.

  23. Summary glucose pyruvic acid oxygen debt e.g. during hard exercise oxygen debt repaid during recovery time lactic acid

  24. Anaerobic Respiration in plants The same process occurs in plants and yeast in low oxygen conditions, e.g. muddy, flooded soils.

  25. glucose pyruvic acid 2 ADP + 2 Pi 2 ATP glycolysis still happens, producing 2 ATP molecules This time in absence of oxygen, pyruvic acid is turned into carbon dioxide and ethanol This is irreversible ethanol + carbon dioxide

  26. Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic respiration

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