1 / 50

The French Monarchy: 1775 - 1793

It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity… -- Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities. The French Monarchy: 1775 - 1793.

xena
Download Presentation

The French Monarchy: 1775 - 1793

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity… -- Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities

  2. The French Monarchy:1775 - 1793 Marie Antoinette & Louis XVI

  3. Marie Antoinette and the Royal Children

  4. Marie Antoinette’s“Peasant Cottage”

  5. Marie Antoinette’s“Peasant Cottage”

  6. The Necklace Scandal 1,600,000 livres[$100 million today] • Cardinal Louis René Édouard de Rohan • The Countess de LaMotte

  7. Let Them Eat Cake! • Marie Antoinette NEVER said that! • “Madame Deficit” • “The Austrian Whore”

  8. Causes of the French Revolution • The United States had just had a revolution to overthrow the King of England. • Inequality between the 3 estates • 3rd Estate 98% of the population, made up mostly of peasants • Financial Crisis

  9. Socio-Economic Data, 1789

  10. The French Urban Poor

  11. Financial Problemsin France, 1789 • Urban Commoner’sBudget: • Food 80% • Rent 25% • Tithe 10% • Taxes 35% • Clothing 20% • TOTAL 170% • King’s Budget: • Interest 50% • Army 25% • Versailles 25% • Coronation 10% • Loans 25% • Admin. 25% • TOTAL 160%

  12. Lettres de Cachet • The French king could warrantimprisonment or death in asigned letter under his seal. • A carte-blanche warrant. • Cardinal Fleury issued 80,000during the reign of Louis XV! • Eliminated in 1790.

  13. Ancien Regime Map, 1789

  14. The Suggested Voting Pattern:Voting by Estates Clergy 1st Estate 1 Aristocracy 2nd Estate 1 1 Commoners (Peasants and bougoisie) 3rd Estate Louis XIV insisted that the ancient distinction of the three orders be conserved in its entirety.

  15. The Number of Representativesin the Estates General: Vote by Head! Clergy 1st Estate 300 Aristocracy 2nd Estate 300 648 Commoners 3rd Estate

  16. From Estates-General to National Assembly • Each order of French society had representatives in the Estates-General. In order to fix the economic problem in France, most members of the Third Estate wanted to set up a constitutional government.

  17. Convening the Estates General May, 1789 Last time it was called into session was 1614!

  18. Tennis Court Oath • The third estate was much larger than the other two estates. It favored a system where each member has a vote, but the king upheld the idea that each estate only gets 1 vote. • The third estate reacted by calling itself a National Assembly and decided to draft a constitution. • They were locked out of their meeting place and moved to a tennis court. • They swore to each other that they would continue to meet until a constitution had been drafted, hence the term Tennis Court Oath.

  19. “The Tennis Court Oath”by Jacques Louis David June 20, 1789

  20. Storming the Bastille, July 14, 1789 • A rumor that the king was planning a military coup against the National Assembly. • 18 died. • 73 wounded. • 7 guards killed. • It held 7 prisoners [5 ordinary criminals & 2 madmen].

  21. The Great Fear: Peasant Revolt(July 20, 1789) • Robespierre led this movement • Rumors that the feudal aristocracy [the aristos] were sending hired brigands to attack peasants and pillage their land.

  22. The Pathof the“GreatFear”

  23. Night Session of August 4, 1789 • Before the night was over: • The feudal regime in France had been abolished. • All Frenchmen were, at least in principle, subject to the same laws and the same taxes and eligible for the same offices. Equality & Meritocracy!

  24. National Constituent Assembly1789 - 1791 Egalité! Liberté! Fraternité! August DecreesAugust 4-11, 1789 (A renunciation of aristocratic privileges!)

  25. The Tricolor (1789) The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED & BLUE of Paris. Citizen!

  26. The Tricolor is the Fashion!

  27. The “Liberty Cap”: Bonne Rouge

  28. Revolutionary Symbols Cockade Liberté La Republic Revolutionary Clock

  29. Revolutionary Playing Cards

  30. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen August 26, 1789 • Liberty! • Property! • Resistance to oppression! • Thomas Jefferson was in Paris at this time.

  31. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Posed New Dilemmas Did women have equal rights with men? What about free blacks in the colonies? How could slavery be justified if all men were born free? Did religious toleration of Protestants and Jews include equal political rights?

  32. March of the Women,October 5-6, 1789 A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for bread. We want the baker, the baker’s wife and the baker’s boy!

  33. The “October Days” (1789) The king was thought to be surrounded by evil advisors at Versailles so he was forced to move to Paris and reside at the Tuileries Palace.

  34. Planting the Tree of Liberty 1790

  35. Sir Edmund Burke (1790):Reflections on the Revolution in France The conservative response to the French Revolution

  36. How to Finance the New Govt.?1.Confiscate Church Lands (1790) One of the most controversial decisions of the entire revolutionary period.

  37. 2. Print Assignats • Issued by the National Constituent Assembly. • Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands as security.

  38. Depreciation of the Assignat • Whoever acquired them were entitled to certain privileges in the purchase of church land. • The state would retire the notes as the land was sold. • They began circulating as paper currency. • Government printed more  INFLATION [they lost 99% of their value ultimately]. • Therefore, future governments paid off their creditors with cheap money.

  39. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy July 12,1790 Juryingvs.Non-Jurying[refractory]Clergy The oath of allegiance permanently divided the Catholic population!

  40. New Relations Between Church & State • Government paid the salaries of the French clergy and maintained the churches. • The church was reorganized: • Parish priests  elected by the district assemblies. • Bishops  named by the department assemblies. • The pope had NO voice in the appointment of the French clergy. • It transformed France’sRoman Catholic Churchinto a branch of the state!! Pope Pius VI[1775-1799]

  41. Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution & the National Assembly. 1791

  42. The French Constitution of 1791: A Bourgeois Government • The king got the “suspensive” veto [which prevented the passage of laws for 4 years]. • He could not pass laws. • His ministers were responsible for their own actions. • A permanent, elected, single chamber National Assembly. • Had the power to grant taxation. • An independent judiciary.

  43. The French Constitution of 1791: A Bourgeois Government • “Active” Citizen [who pays taxes amounting to 3 days labor] could vote vs. “Passive” Citizen. • 1/3 of adult males were denied the franchise. • Domestic servants were also excluded. • A newly elected LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. GOAL Make sure that the country was not turned over to the mob!

  44. 83 Revolutionary Departments February 26, 1790

  45. The Royal Family Attempts to Flee • June, 1791 • Helped by the Swedish Count Hans Axel von Fusen [Marie Antoinette’s lover]. • Headed toward the Luxembourgborder. • The King wasrecognized atVarennes, nearthe border

  46. Olympe de Gouges (1745-1793) • Women played a vital role in the Revolution. • But, The Declaration of the Rights of Man did NOT extend the rights and protections of citizenship to women. Declaration of the Rights of Womanand of the Citizen (1791)

  47. The First Coalition &TheBrunswick Manifesto(August 3, 1792) Duke of Brunswick if the Royal Family is harmed, Paris will be leveled!! 1792-1797 FRANCE AUSTRIAPRUSSIABRITAINSPAINPIEDMONT This military crisis undermined the new Legislative Assembly.

  48. French Soldiers & the Tricolor:ViveLe Patrie! • The French armies were ill-prepared for the conflict. • ½ of the officer corps had emigrated. • Many men disserted. • New recruits were enthusiastic, butill-trained. • French troops often broke ranks and fled in disorder.

  49. French Expansion: 1791-1799

  50. Bibliographic Resources • “Hist210—Europe in the Age of Revolutions.”http://www.ucl.ac.uk/history/courses/europe1/chron/rch5.htm • “Liberty, Fraternity, Equality: Exploring the French Revolution.”http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/ • Matthews, Andrew. Revolution and Reaction: Europe, 1789-1849. CambridgeUniversity Press, 2001. • “The Napoleonic Guide.” http://www.napoleonguide.com/index.htm

More Related