Bellringer ANSWER the following questions:

1. Chapter 1 BellringerANSWER the following questions: • In your opinion, what is psychology? • Why is the study of psychology important? • What would you like to learn in this class?

2. Chapter 1WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY Section 1:Why Study Psychology? Section 2: What Psychologists Do Section 3: A History of Psychology Section 4: Contemporary Perspectives

3. Chapter 1 Chapter 1: Section 1 Why Study Psychology???

4. Chapter 1 Main Objective: • Identify the goals of psychology, and explain how psychology is a science.

5. Chapter 1 Behavior and Mental Processes: • Psychology: • The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. • Behavior: • Any action that other people can observe or measure: • EX:Laughing, walking, heart rate.

6. Chapter 1 • Cognitive activities: • Private, unobservable mental process such as sensation, perception, thought, and problem solving. • EX:Dreaming • How would psychologists measure this behavior??

7. Chapter 1 • Psychological constructs: • Theoretical concepts that enable one to discuss something that cannot be seen touched, or measured directly. • Psychologists are interested in studying people’s emotions or feelings!!!

8. Chapter 1 Section 1: Why Study Psychology? GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY • Observe • Describe behavior • Explain • Predict • Control

9. Chapter 1 Section 1: Why Study Psychology? THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY Psychology is a social science but has its foundation in the natural sciences (biology, chemistry). It deals with the structure of human society and interactions of individuals who make up society.

10. Chapter 1 How do psychologists find answers that they are looking for?? • Research • Conducting surveys and experiments • Collecting and analyzing data • Drawing conclusions • Theories which they test

11. Chapter 1 Research: • 2 widely used methods: • Surveys & Experiments Surveys: methods of collecting data that usually involves asking questions of people in a particular group. ****May use humans or animals****

12. Chapter 1 Psychological Theories: • Theory: a statement that attempts to explain why things are the way they are and happen the way they do. • Principle: a rule or law • EX: If you study, then you will get better grades!!

13. Chapter 1 Review • Give an example of a psychological construct. • How do psychologists find answers that they are looking for? • What is the difference between a theory and a principle?

14. Chapter 1 Chapter 1: Section 2 What Psychologists Do

15. Chapter 1 Main Objective: • Describe the work done by psychologists according to their areas of specialization. •   

16. Chapter 1 What do you think??? • Write down movies that you have seen or books that you have read that have professional psychologists as characters. • What kinds of work did these psychologists do? • In which areas of psychology did they specialize? • How realistic were their characterizations?

17. Chapter 1 What books/movies come to mind??

18. Chapter 1

19. Chapter 1 Section 2: What Psychologists Do AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION • Clinical – the largest group – treat psychological problems. • Counseling – treat adjustment problems. • School – deal with students who have problems that interfere with learning. • Educational Psychologist – focus on course planning and instructional methods. • Help with developing SAT

20. Chapter 1 Section 2: What Psychologists Do AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION (continued) • Developmental Psychologists-study changes that occur throughout a persons’ life span. (physical, emotional, cognitive, social) • Personality Psychologist – identify characteristics or traits. (aggression; anxiety; shyness) • Social Psychologist – concerned with people’s behavior in social situations. (group behavior) • Experimental Psychologist – conduct research into basic processes, such as the nervous system.

21. Chapter 1 Experimental Psychologists (continued) • Focus on basic research: • Research that has no immediate application and is done for its own sake. • EX:Basic research into motivation has helped clinical and counseling psychologists develop ways of helping people control their eating habits.

22. Chapter 1 Section 2: What Psychologists Do AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION (continued) • Industrial and Organizational Psychologist – focus on people in work and business (assist in hiring) • Environmental Psychologist – focus on ways in which people influence and are influenced by physical environment (does crowding make people irritable?) • Consumer Psychologist – study the behavior of shoppers to explain and predict behavior. (placement of milk)

23. Chapter 1 Section 2: What Psychologists Do AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION (continued) • Forensic Psychologist – are concerned with how psychological problems give rise to criminal behavior. • Health Psychologist – study the ways in which behavior and mental processes are related to physical health. • (Correlation with stress and heart disease)

24. Chapter 1 End of Chapter 1:2

25. If you were to be a psychologist, what area would you choose to specialize in and why? Write a short description of a time that you watched a movie/played a video game/listened to music that you weren’t supposed to at a young age. Did your parents find out? Were you in trouble?

26. Chapter 1 Chapter 1: Section 3 A History of Psychology

27. Chapter 1 Main Objective: • Explain the historical background of the study of psychology.

28. Chapter 1 Roots from Ancient Greece: • Began in ancient Greece. • Socrates: • Believed can learn about ourselves by examining thoughts and feelings. • Introspection: “Looking within”

29. Chapter 1 • Plato: • Associationism: • A learned connection between two ideas or events. • EX: thoughts can lead to dreams.

30. Chapter 1 Middle Ages: • Europeans believed that problems were signs of possession by demons. • EX: punishment for sins • http://youtu.be/2h6QX-7EW2Y

31. Chapter 1 Section 3: A History of Psychology PSYCHOLOGY DEVELOPED OVER TIME • Revived during the scientific advances of the 1500s, 1600s and 1700s. • 1879: the year that many believe to be the beginning of psychology. • Considered a modern laboratory science by Wilhelm Wundt

32. Chapter 1 Wilhelm Wundt:(“Vunt”) • Structuralism: • Maintains that conscious experience breaks down into objective sensations and subjective feelings. • Objective: sight and taste • Subjective: emotional responses and mental images.

33. Chapter 1 William James: • Functionalism: • Emphasizes the purposes of behavior and mental processes. • Believe that adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful. • EX: studying to make good grades

34. Chapter 1 What are the main differences between structuralism and functionalism?? • Structuralism: What are the elements of psychological processes? • Functionalists: What are the purposes of behavior and mental processes?

35. Chapter 1 John B. Watson • Behaviorism: • Defines psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior. • EX: Watching violence on T.V. can lead to violent behavior.

36. Chapter 1 B.F. Skinner(Burrhus Frederic) • Believe animals AND humans learn to behave in certain ways because they have been reinforced for doing so. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41ZW0OGp4HE

37. Chapter 1 The Gestalt School: • Gestalt Psychology: • Emphasizes the tendency to organize perceptions into meaningful wholes. • Context influences perception!

38. Chapter 1 Sigmund Freud: • Psychoanalysis: • Empathizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflict in determining human behavior. • EX: Verbal slips; dreams  reflects Freud’s influence on popular culture.

39. Chapter 1 Freud (continued) • Consultations with patients • Free association • Believed unconscious processes (sexual & aggressive urges) are MORE important than conscious experience in governing people’s behavior and feelings!!!

40. Chapter 1 Freud (continued) • Psychodynamic thinking: • Most of what exists in an individual’s mind is unconscious and consists of conflicting impulses, urges, and wishes.

41. Chapter 1 Freudian Slips! Pretty funny! Freudian Slips! Pretty funny! • Freudian slip: • is an error in speech, memory, or physical action that is believed to be caused by the unconscious mind. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiPzM98h7NA • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PGeKNk1oWo

42. Chapter 1 End of Chapter 1: Section 3

43. Chapter 1 Bellringer • What are the main differences between structuralism and functionalism? • Who is responsible for developing the ideas of reinforcement? • In Ancient Greece, what did Socrates believe in relation to psychology?

44. Chapter 1 Chapter 1: Section 4 Contemporary Perspectives

45. Chapter 1 Main Objective: Describe the main contemporary perspectives in psychology.

46. Chapter 1 Section 4: Contemporary Perspectives SEVEN MAIN CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY 1. Biological – nervous system, glands, hormones, genetic factors. • How does biology influence behavior? • CAT & PET scans  show mental processes • How do genes influence personality?

47. Chapter 1 • Evolutionary Perspective: * Focuses on the evolution of behavior and mental processes. * Charles Darwin: “Survival of the Fittest”

48. Chapter 1 • Cognitive Perspective: *Study mental processes to understand human nature. *Cognitive psychologists believe that people’s behavior is influenced by their values, their perceptions, and their choices.

49. Chapter 1 • Humanistic Perspective: * Stresses the human capacity for self-fulfillment and the importance of consciousness, self-awareness, and the capacity to make choices. * Believe that we are free to choose our own behavior. * View people as basically good and desiring to be helpful to others.

50. Chapter 1 Humanistic Perspective (continued) • Self-actualization: • The self-motivated striving to reach one’s potential. • Client-centered therapy: • Most widely used humanistic technique.