The French & Indian War

1. The French & Indian War

2. What you need to know • Why French settled Quebec • Causes of French & Indian War • How Treaty of Paris impacted: • Britain • France • Native Americans • Proclamation of 1763 • How British financial problems hurt colonies

3. British & French Rivalry • 1700s—Britain and France struggled to be world’s strongest empire • Each had colonies all over the world • One place they fought over was Ohio River Valley

5. French Colonies in America • 1608—French set up Quebec colony • 1 year after Jamestown • Became very wealthy from fur trading • In 1600s—French ended up claiming all of Mississippi River valley • Named it Louisiana (for King Louis XIV)

6. French Colonies in America • New France was very different from British colonies • Fur trappers & traders • Priests to convert natives • Friendly with local native tribes • Didn’t build big cities – big difference in population (F – 70,000 vs. B – 1,000,000)

7. British & French Rivalry • Both Brits & French expanded toward each other’s territory • They both wanted fur trading rights • VERY PROFITABLE

8. The 1st battle – 1754 • French built Ft. Duquesne (modern Pittsburgh) on land VA had claimed • VA sent troops to defend land claims led by 22 y/o Col. George Washington

9. The 1st battle – 1754 • Washington built Ft. Necessity 40 miles from Ft. Duquesne • Attacked the French • They fought, French won

10. The 2nd battle – 1755 • 1 yr later British Gen Ed Braddock’s troops attacked Ft. Duquesne • French & their Native allies ambushed them, British ran away

11. French and Natives • Many native tribes helped French • Added big numbers to French army • Knew land better • Taught guerrilla warfare (nobody fought that way in Europe) • French win battles for 2 years

12. British colonies react • British colonists question strength of British army • New Brit Prime Minister – William Pitt • Enough is enough – began to win battles • Some native tribes began helping Brits • 1759—Brits take Quebec—basically ends war

13. Treaty of Paris 1763 • Brits get all land E of Mississippi R • French get land W of Mississippi R • And some Caribbean islands • Natives biggest losers in war • Easier for them when French were there

15. Native revolts • Chief Pontiac led battle against British forts – took over 8 forts • British asked for negotiation • As peace offering, British gave natives blankets w/smallpox on them • Disease wiped out, British finished off

16. Proclamation of 1763 • Attempt to avoid battles with natives • British banned settlement W of Appalachians • Colonists wanted the land—they ignored the rule

17. Colonial resentment • Colonists hated Proclamation • British fighting colonial expansion – colonists felt theBritish did not care about them? • British cracked down on smuggling • Searched homes, businesses & ships

18. British financial issues • British send 10,000 troops to America • Defend against natives & former French • Colonists were scared that army would actually suppress them • British were increasing spending on military – financial problems

19. Sugar Act • Cut tax on sugar • Hoping colonists will buy legal sugar from British colonies • Increase penalties for smuggling • Criminals tried in British courts instead of colonial courts • Colonists hated rule placed on them from outside

20. What you need to know • Why French settled Quebec • Causes of French & Indian War • How Treaty of Paris impacted: • Britain • France • Native Americans • Proclamation of 1763 • How British financial problems hurt colonies

21. The Stirrings of Rebellion

22. What you need to know • Stamp Act • Colonial responses to Stamp Act • Stamp Act Congress • Sons of Liberty • 1st Continental Congress • Boston Massacre • Committees of Correspondence • Boston Tea Party • Intolerable Acts • 1stContinental Congress • Lexington and Concord

23. Britain’s financial problems • Arrangement British always had with the colonies: • Colonies send raw goods to Britain, creating a profit • British army & navy protect colonies • Colonies pay taxes to colony only • No taxes paid to London

24. Britain’s financial problems • After F&I War, Britain was in debt • War cut into British profits • Costs lots of money for war supplies • War shuts down farms & industry

25. Britain’s financial problems • Britain decided to change its arrangement with the colonies • Need to set up new taxes to pay debt

26. The Stamp Act • Required a stamp on all paper documents • Legal documents (contracts, licenses, etc) • Newspapers & magazines • Dice & playing cards • Affected all colonists—rich & poor

27. The colonists react • Colonists become angry because: • British citizens elect reps to Parliament • Parliament establishes taxes with people’s consent • Colonies didn’t get reps in Parliament • They shouldn’t have to pay taxes unless they get to elect reps too

28. The colonists react • Massachusetts • Sons of Liberty • Secret org of Boston men led by Samuel Adams (rich & poor) • Harassed anyone who collected tax money or enforced the tax • Caused many people who were tired of harassment to resign

29. The colonists react • Virginia • House of Burgesses • Led by Patrick Henry • Colonial legislature voted that only Virginia colony could tax Virginians • (basically just a symbolic vote—not as if British Parliament really cared)

30. Stamp Act Congress • Reps from 9 colonies met in NYC • Sent Parliament the Declaration of Rights & Grievances • “no taxation w/o representation” • Very significant; firsttime colonies really worked together as a unit

31. Regular colonists react • Colonial merchants refused to import British goods • Regular colonists boycotted anything British • Began to see selves as citizens of the colony more than of Britain

32. Townshend Acts • Taxes sponsored by British politician Charles Townshend • Taxes on specific goods that were imported from Britain • Glass / Lead / Paint / Paper / TEA

33. Townshend Acts response • Most colonists participate in boycott • Samuel Adams led revolts • Women participated in boycott: • Wove cloth instead of buying it • Made tea from bark (?)

34. The Liberty • Ship owned by John Hancock • British looking for imported (smuggled) wine seized ship • Angered citizens of Boston—riots • British used soldiers to clamp down on Boston

35. Boston Massacre—1770 • British soldiers patrolled streets • Colonists not used to being watched • Soldiers allowed to get jobs on the side for extra money • Employers scared to say no to them • Cost regular people jobs

36. Boston Massacre—1770 • Fight began over soldiers taking jobs away from colonists • Colonists taunted soldiers • Soldiers fired into crowd, killed 5 • Sam Adams & others publicized event

37. Crispus Attucks • First person to die in Massacre • Worked on the docks in Boston • Was in crowd taunting soldiers • Thought to be ½ African ½ Native • Not much known about him at all

38. Committees of Correspondence • British ship hunting smugglers attacked by colonists from RI • Colonists burn up the ship • Suspects taken to London for trial

39. Committees of Correspondence • Colonists angry suspects taken back to London for trial • Groups set up (C of C) to communicate among all the colonies about British oppression

40. Tea Act • Boycotts on tea caused sales to drop • Tons of tea sitting in warehouses • Tea had always been sold to importers in colonies in bulk amts • Colonial importers would sell smaller amts for a profit

41. Tea Act • Parliament allowed British East India Co. rights to sell tea directly to consumers • Cut out middleman—cheaper product • Would cost jobs • Colonists reacted violently

42. Boston Tea Party—1773 • Bostonians dressed as natives • Boarded 3 BEI Co. ships in Boston harbor, dumped 18,000 lbs of tea

43. Coercive/Intolerable Acts • Parliament punished colonists • Closed down Boston harbor • Quartering Act—soldiers can stay in peoples’ homes w/o their permission • Massachusetts under martial law • British called laws Coercive Acts • Colonies called them Intolerable Acts

44. First Continental Congress • Delegates from 12 colonies (not GA) • Wrote declaration of colonial rights • Decided they would defend each other if one colony was attacked

45. War approaches • Colonies began to gear up for war • Militias formed in many small towns • Began to stockpile weapons

46. Lexington & Concord—1775 • British Gen. Gage learned about minuteman activity • Sent soldiers to Lexington to seize and destroy munitions there • Also looking for Sam Adams and John Hancock to arrest

47. Lexington & Concord—1775 • 700 British troops marched toward towns of Lexington & Concord • Paul Revere warned minutemen of upcoming attack

48. Lexington & Concord—1775 • Lexington • 70 minutemen met British, refused to lay down arms • British fired, 8 colonists died

49. Lexington & Concord—1775 • Concord • British found empty arsenal • They started to walk back to Boston, got ambushed by militia

50. What you need to know • Stamp Act • Colonial responses to Stamp Act • Stamp Act Congress • Sons of Liberty • 1st Continental Congress • Boston Massacre • Committees of Correspondence • Boston Tea Party • Intolerable Acts • 1st Continental Congress • Lexington and Concord