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Chapter 24

Chapter 24. Geometric Optics. Goals for Chapter 24. To study reflections from a plane surface. To see how reflections from a spherical surface add new features. To understand ray tracing and graphical methods for all mirrors. To study refractions at spherical surfaces and thin lenses.

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Chapter 24

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  1. Chapter 24 Geometric Optics

  2. Goals for Chapter 24 • To study reflections from a plane surface. • To see how reflections from a spherical surface add new features. • To understand ray tracing and graphical methods for all mirrors. • To study refractions at spherical surfaces and thin lenses. • To adapt what we learned about ray tracing to graphical methods for lenses.

  3. Reflections at a plane surface – Figure 24.1 • Review key terms. • object • image • real • virtual • distance to image • distance to object • magnification • upright • inverted

  4. Refractions deceive your eyes – Figures 24.2,3 As the eye follows rays back to the mirror surface, the brain completes the path forming a virtual focus behind the mirror.

  5. Sign rules for images and objects – Figure 24.4 • The position of the object and the image determine sign convention. • See the yellow box on the top of page 805.

  6. Magnification – Figure 24.5 Height of image and object will determine the magnification. See the yellow box on page 805.

  7. “Inverted” or “erect” defining terms – Figure 24.6 • The appearance of the image with respect to it’s object reveals our description.

  8. Plane mirrors exhibit left-right reversal – Figure 24.7 Have you ever looked at some emergency service vehicles and wondered what ECILOP or ECNALUBMA means? (Actually it’s even harder, the letters are reversed in their presentation).

  9. Spherical mirrors – Figure 24.9 • Reflections from a spherical mirror depend on the radius of curvature.

  10. Concave spherical mirrors – Figure 24.11 • Refer to the information in the yellow box at the bottom of page 808.

  11. The principal rays for mirror imaging – Figure 24.12 • Refer to the Conceptual Analysis 24.2 and Example 24.1 on page 810 of your text. • These results are also obtained numerically with the mirror equations of section 24.2.

  12. The convex spherical mirror – Figure 24.15 Tracing the principal rays to find the virtual image for a convex spherical mirror.

  13. Reflection and production of paraxial rays – Figure 24.16 • This type of mirror is an excellent choice for clandestine observation or automotive applications.

  14. The image formed by a convex mirror –Example 24.2 Refer to the worked example on page 812 of your text and help Santa feel better about his image.

  15. Specific ray tracing for mirror analysis – Figure 24.19 • Refer to the yellow box on page 813 for a complete description. • Refer also to the Problem-Solving Strategy 24.1

  16. A complete image construction - Example 24.3

  17. Refraction at spherical surfaces – Figure 24.21

  18. Glass rods in air or water – Examples 24.4, 24.5 The figure below refers to Example 24.4 The figure below refers to example 24.5

  19. Optical illusions from refraction – Figures 24.25, 26 The image at right refers to worked Example 24.6

  20. The converging lens – Figure 24.27 The biconvex lens shown is but one in a series of thin lenses that we will examine by shape and ray tracing.

  21. Object and image for a converging lens – Figure 24.28 We will next find ourselves in a position to relate object and image by tracing the principal rays as we did with mirrors.

  22. Lenses and left-right reversal – Figure 24.29 It can be shown that lenses do not produces the left-right reversal that we observed with mirrors.

  23. Diverging lenses and foci – Figure 24.30 • The focal point is imaginary. • Refer to Conceptual Analysis 24.3.

  24. Diverse shapes accommodate many uses – Figure 24.31 • Many different arrangements may be constructed depending on the lens shape. • Refer to Figures 24.32, 24.33, and Quantitative Analysis 24.4.

  25. Examples with a plano-concave lens – Figure 24.34 • Follow the worked examples 24.7 and 24.8 on pages 824-825 of your text. This figure refers to example 24.7. This figure refers to example 24.8.

  26. The principal rays for thin lenses – Figure 24.36 • The results shown here graphically may also be obtained with the thin lens equations. Refer to pages 823-824. • Refer to the yellow text box on page 826 for a description of the principal rays.

  27. Examples of thin lens analysis – Figure 24.37

  28. Examples of thins lens imaging – Figure 24.38, 39 • Refer to Conceptual Analysis 24.5, the Problem Solving Strategy 24.2, Example 24.9 and Example 24.10. This figure refers to Conceptual Analysis 24.5. This figure refers to Example 24.10.

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