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Hellenic and Hellenistic Greece

Hellenic and Hellenistic Greece. Greece and Rome Ancient West. Mediterranean-centered Cities and trade Self-government Rise of empire Decline and discontinuity Shared culture (Greco-Roman) Chart: RGH p. 136. Classical Greece and the Mediterranean basin, 800-500 BCE.

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Hellenic and Hellenistic Greece

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  1. Hellenic and Hellenistic Greece

  2. Greece and RomeAncient West Mediterranean-centered Cities and trade Self-government Rise of empire Decline and discontinuity Shared culture (Greco-Roman) Chart: RGH p. 136

  3. Classical Greece and the Mediterranean basin, 800-500 BCE

  4. Acropolis: the highest, most easily defensible part of the polis.

  5. Athens

  6. Greek Civilization Considered one of the foundational sources of “Western civilization” The source of philosophy, democracy, architectural ideals …yet its transmission to Europe was not direct and unbroken…

  7. Chronology of Ancient Greece 2200-1100 BCE Minoan society 1600-1100 BCE Mycenaean society 800-338 BCE Era of the polis 500-479 BCE Persian Wars 431-404 BCE Peloponnesian War 359-336 BCE Reign of Philip of Macedon 336-323 BCE Reign of Alexander of Macedon

  8. Greece in the Hellenic Period7th-3rd BCE- “Before Empire” The Polis (city-state) “one of the wonders of human social organization” “like a hothouse flower, could only thrive under the right conditions” Autonomy (Independence) and Autarky (self-sufficiency) Amateurism vs. Professionalism Political evolution—Athens (democracy) and Sparta (monarchy) Monarchy Aristocracy Oligarchy Tyranny Democracy

  9. Classical Greece and the Mediterranean basin, 800-500 BCE

  10. Two approaches to population & social problems: Sparta “closed society” Turned Sparta into a police state Men and women lived a “Spartan lifestyle” Athens “open society” birth of “democracy” emphasis on individualism and wealth from trade

  11. The “Spartan” Lifestyle Boys were taken from families to begin military training at 7 They didn’t establish their own households until they were 30 They remained in the military until they were 60 Enslaved “helots” did farming for polis Spartan women were encouraged to be physically fit in order to bear strong sons

  12. Athenian “democracy” Debates on issues were public Decisions were made directly by casting lots All “citizens” could speak out at assemblies and vote

  13. Democracy How did Athenians define it? “We alone regard a man who takes no interest in public affairs, not as harmless, as worthless” (Pericles) Rights vs. Duty Citizenship—who? Participation – how? Military service-the Phalanx Wealthy subject to special taxes All citizens attended the 40 annual sessions of the Assembly Offices chosen by lot, with no pay Must be ready to serve in any capacity

  14. …but “citizens” did NOT include Landless males Slaves [1/3 of population] Women Which meant only 10-15% of the population voted Compared to modern democracies, Athenian democracy was more exclusive and directly participatory

  15. Legacies of Greece: Olympic Games Competition and sports were important parts of Greek life Games figured in local and Pan-Hellenic festivals [including at Nemean, Isthmian, Pythian, Olympia Olympic games established 776 BCE [?]

  16. The Olympics What Greek values did the Olympics reflect? Are the same values still important for us today? • Individualism (Humanism) • All-around excellence (Arête) • Devotion to your polis (Nationalism, Patriotism) • Amateur ideal • Patriarchy • Militaristic values • Intellectuality and Art Greek, made in Athens about 367-366 BCFound at Teucheira, Cyrenaica (modern Libya) A prize for a victor at the Athenian games http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/olympics/olympicintro.shtml

  17. What happens to Hellenic Greece? Persian Wars 490-460BCE

  18. Persia: “The Enemy” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDiUG52ZyHQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDiUG52ZyHQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDiUG52ZyHQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDiUG52ZyHQ

  19. Persian Invasion of Greece Two attacks: 490 BCE: Battle of Marathon 480 BCE: Xerxes attacks again Statue of Pheidippides

  20. The Persian Wars 500-479 BCE

  21. But Greece wins! See Pericles’ Funeral Oration (RGH pp. 136-140)

  22. Greek naval technology Greek Trireme 170 rowers in tiers

  23. Empire Strikes Back! “Progress Broke the Polis” Athenian Imperialism

  24. Greek Colonies and Greek Empire

  25. Delian League and Peloponnesian War Formed as defensive alliance against Persia As the threat of war waned, became tribute system to Athens / “Athenian Empire” Height of Athen’s “golden age” Resentment against Athens led to Peloponnesian War

  26. Peloponnesian Wars (431-404BCE) Athens vs. Sparta Athens Loses, but so does all of Hellenic Greece Why? 'A War Like No Other': Where Hubris Came From New York Times Article, 10/23/05

  27. Legacies of Greece Architecture Key themes: balance, harmony, proportion Lincoln Memorial White House

  28. Classical (Golden Age of Greece) 5th BCE Pericles Ideals and Values Humanism and Secularism Reason Individualism “Athens among her contemporaries is superior to the report of her” (Pericles)

  29. The Death of Socrates by Jacques-Louis David, 1787

  30. Legacies of Greece: Olympic Games Competition and sports were important parts of Greek life Games figured in local and Pan-Hellenic festivals [including at Nemean, Isthmian, Pythian, Olympia Olympic games established 776 BCE [?]

  31. Greek religion Zeus Athena Aphrodite & Pan Apollo

  32. Diadoumenos of Polykleitos, c. 430 B.C.. National Museum Athens. Lacoon and His Sons, 200 bce. Hellenistic: real man Hellenic: ideal man

  33. In the meanwhile, to the north… Philip II of Macedonia Alexander of Macedonia

  34. Mosaic of Battle of Issus The heroic personality of Alexander the Great is apparent in a painting by Philoxenos of Eretria, from about 300 B.C.E., which survives only in this Roman mosaic form. It is believed to be of Alexander's victory over the Persian king, Darius III, in 33 B.C.E. at the Battle of Issus. (National Museum, Naples/Art Resource, NY)

  35. Alexander’s Empire

  36. Hellenistic Greece Cosmopolis Hellenistic Philosophies—individualistic, mystic Philosophy – Aristotle Science – Archimedes, Euclid, Eratosthenes, Hippocrates Hellenistic Exchange-Greek, ideas, food, trade-blending of Greek and Asian cultures

  37. Alexander the Great

  38. Alexander the Great’s Empire

  39. The Hellenization of Asia

  40. The Economy of the Hellenistic World

  41. Hellenistic Philosophers • Cynics  Diogenes • ignore social conventions & avoid luxuries. • citizens of the world. • live a humble, simple life. • Epicurians  Epicurus • avoid pain & seek pleasure. • all excess leads to pain! • politics should be avoided.

  42. Hellenistic Philosophers • Stoics  Zeno • nature is the expansion of divine will. • concept of natural law. • get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but toperform virtuous acts for the good of all. • true happiness is found ingreat achievements.

  43. Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences • Scientists / Mathematicians: • Aristarchus  heliocentric theory. • Euclid  geometry • Archimedes  pulley • Hellenistic Art: • More realistic; less ideal than Hellenic art. • Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and age!

  44. Eratosthenes’ Map of the World

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