Alcohol Use A mong C ollege A thletes and the General C ollege P opulation

1. Alcohol Use Among College Athletes and the General College Population

2. What is alcohol? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkpz7xFTWJo

3. Some Alcohol Myths • I can drink and still be in control-Drinking impairs your judgment, which increases the likelihood that you will do something you’ll later regret • I can sober up quickly if I have to- Time is the only thing sobers you up. •  Beer is less intoxicating than other types of alcoholic beverage- One 12-ounce can of beer, one 4-ounce glass of wine or one normal mixed drink or cocktail are all equally intoxicating.

4. Factors that affect intoxication • Bodyweight • Metabolism • Gender • Calorie intake • If you’re on any medication • Your mental and emotional state

5. Factors that make you more vulnerable to addiction • The younger you start the higher chance you have to become addicted. • Male • White • Living on college campus

6. Why do we Drink? Psychological Perspective: • We drink for positive reasons: • to meet new friends, have fun, to de-stress • But the majority of people have had a negative experience resulting from drinking alcohol: • Throwing up, regretting doing something the next day , blacking out ---However, we keep drinking because we want to have a good time and we tend to ignore all the negative outcomes from past experiences (Capron).

7. Emotional effects • Depression is the most common effect of long-term alcohol use. • Anger problems • Anxiety-abuse alcohol to self-medicate • Isolation-feel others don’t accept their drinking • Feeling of regret

8. Mental Effects • Poor performance in school • loss of coordination • poor judgment • slowed reflexes • distorted vision • memory lapses

9. Social Effects • Hurts relationships with family and friends • Losing jobs • Getting into fights • Meeting new people because they are more outgoing when drunk

10. Physical Effects • Weight gain • Liver damage • Destroys brain cells • Increase of risk of cancer of the esophagus, larynx, colon and the liver. • Memory loss due to blackouts • Muscle weakness

11. Short term effects • Slurred speech • Drowsiness • Vomiting  • Diarrhea • Upset stomach • Headaches • Breathing difficulties  • Distorted vision and hearing  • Impaired judgment 

12. Long term Effects • Unintentional injuries • Intentional injuries such as firearm injuries, sexual assault, domestic violence • Increased on-the-job injuries and loss of productivity  • Increased family problems, broken relationships  • Alcohol poisoning  • High blood pressure, stroke, and other heart-related diseases  • Liver disease  • Nerve damage  • Cancer

13. Consequences • Death • Injury • Assault • Sexual abuse • Unprotected sex • Academic problems • Health problems • Drunk driving • Vandalism • Suicide attempts • “An estimated 1,700 college students ages 18–24 years die every year from alcohol-related causes, including car crashes, according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). “ • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTmWr-IOzb4

14. How alcohol effects College Athletes • Impairs psychomotor skills • Decreases on field performance • Decreases levels of functioning correctly • Impairs body’s temperature regulation system • Weakens heart function • Worsens asthmatic symptoms • Athletes who use alcohol at least once a week had an injury rate of 54.7% (O’Brien & Lyons, 2000) • Moderate use (2-3 drinks) can results a loss of motor coordination for up to 12 to 18 hours after drinking.

15. How alcohol effects College Athletes (cont.) Practice and Muscle Recovery: • In order to build bigger and stronger muscles, your body needs sleep to repair itself after a workout. • Alcohol’s effects sleep: your body is deprived of human growth hormone or HGH. • HGH is part of the muscle building and repair process and the body’s way of telling itself your muscle needs to grow • Alcohol however can decrease the secretion of HGH by as much as 70%.

16. How alcohol effects College Athletes (cont.) • Alcohol effects your sleep cycle by disrupting the sequence and duration of normal sleep, reducing your brain’s ability to retain information. • Consuming five or more alcoholic beverages in one night can affect brain and body activities for up to three days

17. College Athletes • Are found binge drinking more than nonathletic students. • College athletes are drinking to get drunk every time. • Jason Ford a professor of sociology at the University of Central Florida describes athletes as being in a “special population” because of the circumstances they face on a daily basis. For example, balancing school, their performance, and relationships can put athletes in a stressful situation to turn to alcohol. • Heaviest day of drinking is Saturday during the season. • Team leaders are at the most risk for binge drinking. • Studies show that 52.4 athletes binge drink. • On average college athletes consume 5 drinks per weekend

18. Male athletes • Have a higher number of heavy drinking episodes over the span of a year than nonathletic students.(Yusko,2008) • Binge drink more than non-athletes on their heaviest day of drinking.

19. Female Athletes • One national study of varsity athletes found 87 percent of women had used alcohol in the previous 12 months • In season 26 percent of women drank alcohol at least once a week. During the offseason the percent drinking at least once a week jumped to 41 percent for women. • Soccer players most likely to binge Drink (Ford)

20. Reasons Athletes drink • Stress • Celebration • Peer pressure • Want to feel apart of the team • Excessive time demands • Social status

21. Nonathletic College Students • Drink from Thursday to Sunday. • Found binge drinking less often that college athletes. • Students involved in Greek life are surrounded by alcohol. • 93 percent of participates have used alcohol (Core survey) • On average, college freshmen report they drink more than five drinks per week and it usually increases within 12 months. • 42.6 of non-athletes binge drink.

22. Why non athletes drink • In a survey done by Core in 2001 the results showed: • Breaks the ice: 74.4% • Enhances social activity: 74.4% • Gives people something to do: 71.7% • Gives people something to talk about: 66.6% • Allows people to have more fun: 63.1% • Facilitates a connection with peers 61.7% • Facilitates sexual opportunities: 53.0% • Makes opposite gender sexier: 28.8% • Makes me sexier: 20.4%

23. Males Nonathletic Students • Men binge drink more and can dilute alcohol better than women. • According to a Core survey, on average, male peers drink nine drinks compared to the female college students who only drink four drinks per week. • In the survey it also showed that frat members had 88 percent of members have used alcohol.

24. Female Nonathletic Students • Studies showed that the female nonathletic students drank more heavily and on more occasions than female athletes. (David Yusko) • According to a Core survey it showed that 78 percent of participants in a sorority have used alcohol. • Women absorb alcohol into the bloodstream faster and metabolize it slower than men. • Non athlete females have been involved in more sexual activity then athletes. (Chen, Snyder, and Magner,2010) • Some consequences are unexpected pregnancy, Std’s, and sexual abuse.

25. Why should we be concerned? • approximately 70% of college students report alcohol use in the past month. • 12.5 percent of the college students are alcoholics, compared to 10.2 percent of their non-college peers. • About 90% of the alcohol consumed by youth under the age of 21 in the United States is in the form of binge drinking.

26. What Can We do About This Problem? • Programs like-NIAAA-National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism • Alcohol policies in place to prevent the use of alcohol. • Peer counselors to help students. • Organizations and clubs on campus to inform students.

27. Bibliography • Alcohol and Athletes. (2008).Retrieved November 11,2013, http://oade.nd.edu/educate-yourself-alcohol/alcohol-and-athletes/#Muscle%20Development • Butts, F. B. (2009). A study of alcohol responsibility among college athletes. Sport Journal, 12(3) Retrieved fromhttp://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eft&AN=508036621&site=ehost-live • Capron, D. W., & Schmidt, N. B. (2012). Positive drinking consequences among hazardous drinking college students.Addictive Behaviors, 37(5), 663-667. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.rowan.edu/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.02.002 • Ford, J. A. (2007). Alcohol use among college students: A comparison of athletes and nonathletes. Substance use & Misuse, 42(9), 1367-1377. Retrieved fromhttp://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=s3h&AN=26655881&site=ehost-live • Lorant, V., Nicaise, P., Soto, V. E., & d'Hoore, W. (2013). Alcohol drinking among college students: College responsibility for personal troubles. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 1-9. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-615 • Patrick, M. E., & Maggs, J. L. (2011). College students' evaluations of alcohol consequences as positive and negative. Addictive Behaviors, 36(12), 1148-1153. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.rowan.edu/10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.07.011 • Pedrelli, P., Bentley, K., Vitali, M., Clain, A. J., Nyer, M., Fava, M., et al. (2013). Compulsive use of alcohol among college students. Psychiatry Research, 205(1–2), 95-102. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.08.012 • Stiefel, S. (2006). You booze, you lose. Joe Weider's Muscle & Fitness, 67(3), 224-228. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.rowan.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=hxh&AN=19784240&site=ehost-live • Yusko, D. A., Buckman, J. F., White, H. R., & Pandina, R. J. (2008). Alcohol, tobacco, illicit drugs, and performance enhancers: A comparison of use by college student athletes and nonathletes. Journal of American College Health, 57(3), 281-290. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/JACH.57.3.281-290 • Yusko, D. A., Buckman, J. F., White, H. R., & Pandina, R. J. (2008). Risk for excessive alcohol use and drinking-related problems in college student athletes. Addictive Behaviors, 33(12), 1546-1556. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.rowan.edu/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.07.010 • Wechsler, H., & Rohman, M. (1981). Extensive users of alcohol among college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 42(1),149.doi: :http://www.jsad.com/jsad/downloadarticle/Extensive_Users_of_Alcohol_among_College_Students/3228.pdf