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CHAPTER 21

CHAPTER 21. Solid and Hazardous waste. Solid waste. any unwanted or discarded material that is not liquid or gas. US…………. 4% of world population produces 33% of solid waste 11 billions /year, 44,000 tons/person 98.5% is from mining - oil and natural gas production, agriculture,industry.

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CHAPTER 21

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  1. CHAPTER 21 • Solid and Hazardous waste

  2. Solid waste • any unwanted or discarded material that is not liquid or gas

  3. US………….. • 4% of world population produces 33% of solid waste • 11 billions /year, 44,000 tons/person • 98.5% is from mining - oil and natural gas production, agriculture,industry

  4. Waste categories • mining - ore ; industrial - scrap metal, plastic, paper, fly ash, sludge from waste treatment

  5. MSW • 27% recycled (7% in 1960) • Of 73% that is hauled away - 58% (landfills) incinerators (15%)

  6. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) • Garbage - 1500 pounds per person • 2-3 times more than developing countries

  7. High waste society - US • aluminum - rebuild entire commercial airline every 3 months • tires/year - 3 times around globe • 18 billion disposable diapers - moon and back 7 times • 2 billion disposablerazors, 10 million computers

  8. continued….. • 2.5 million non-returnable plastic bottles/hour • 14 billion catalogs (54/person) , 38 billion pieces of junk mail • 8 million TV sets

  9. Hazardous waste • mandated by Congress • discarded solid waste/liquid material - contains 1 or more of listed 39 compounds, catches fire easily, explosive, corrosive • 6 billion tons produced ; 23 tons/person

  10. Does not include….. • Radioactive waste, hazardous/ toxic materials (Table ), mining waste, oil drilling wastes, cement kiln dust, waste from factories less than 220 lbs/ month • “Linguistic detoxifications” - environmentalists

  11. Detoxification of hazardous waste • Denmark - most comprehensive program - every municipality has one facility that accepts paints, solvents and other hazardous material • bioremidiation -biological treatment of hazardous material - bacteria

  12. High waste approach - waste management • views waste production as an unavoidable product of economic growth • resulting waste management - reduces environmental harm - bury, burn or ship them to another country

  13. Low waste approach - • preventing pollution and waste • most waste viewed as potential resources ; reuse as many things as possible; recycle and compost; chemically or biologically treat or increase waste ; bury in landfills

  14. Solutions….deal with hazardous waste

  15. Solutions to deal with hazardous waste

  16. Goals ..low waste approach • reduce waste / pollution ; reuse ; recycle/ compost ; chemically treat/ incinerate waste ; bury; • save energy/ virgin resources; reduce effects of mining; improve water,health,safety; decrease cost of pollution control

  17. Example - 3M • Minnesota Mining Company - began a pollution pays program • redesigned equipment , used fewer hazardous raw materials,make more non-pollution products

  18. Solutions: reduce waste/pollution • decrease consumption ; redesign manufacturing processes - less material; design products that produce less pollution; less hazardous cleaning products ; products -easily reduced,recycled,repaired; reduce unnecessary packaging

  19. Reuse…. • Refillable glass bottles and refillable soft drink bottles made of PET • 1964 - 89% refillable ; 1996 - 7%

  20. Reuse • plastic /paper bags - neither - no clear answer as to which one is more harmful • plastic - slowly biodegradable ; harm wildlife if swallowed • brown paper - uses trees • IDEAL - canvas bags

  21. Reuse…. • Diapers - 18 billion in landfill , new biodegradable ones estimated to take at least 100 years to break down • consumes trees, plastic resources, air an water pollution

  22. Other side of picture ….cloth diapers • laundering diapers - 10 times more water pollution • 6 times more water , • 3 times more energy • ability to soak up urine higher in disposable diapers - less used

  23. Reuse ..used tires • 2.4 billion - 250 million /year • 47 million retreated • 47 million filled with dirt and used for foundation of low cost homes • construct artificial coral reefs • burnt to produce electricity

  24. Interesting fact …. • Bacteria that uses sulfur as a nutrient in Yellowstone National Park used in fermentation reactors to break down rubber in used tires

  25. Recycling..organic solid waste • composting - microorganisms break down organic material - fungi, aerobic bacteria • 35% of Municipal solid waste biodegradable

  26. Composting…. • Mix waste with soil - let it sit - heat generated by ,microbial decomposition rises in the pile which is periodically turned to ensure mixing

  27. Disadvantage …. • Control odor - (1) enclose facilities and filter air (2) composting near municipal landfills (3) decomposition in closed metal containers in which air is recirculated

  28. 2 types of recycling… • PRIMARY/CLOSED LOOP - wastes recycled to products of the same type - newspapers, aluminum cans • SECONDARY/OPEN LOOP - waste materials converted into different products

  29. Recycling MSW …US • 1996 - 8000 municipal curbside recycling - 51% of population -”pay as you throw” • creates jobs

  30. Centralized recycling • mixed urban waste collected and transported to centralized MRF’s (Materials Recovery Facilities) • separate glass, iron,aluminum,sold as raw material

  31. Remaining .... • paper, plastics recycled or burned - heat produced steam/ electricity • US - 220 , 60 in planning stages

  32. Disadvantage • toxic air pollutants and toxic ash • health problems from poorly designed facilities

  33. Separating solid waste... • recyclable and reusable categories - glass, paper, metals, plastics • source separation produces less air and water pollution, reduces litter, low start up and maintenance costs

  34. Recycling- economically smart • NO - it does not make sense if it costs more to recycle materials, than to send it to landfill/incinerator • make economic sense for easy to recycle materials but not for cheap and plentiful resources (glass, plastic)

  35. Recycling symbols

  36. Factors that hinder recycling • more tax breaks and subsidies • failure to include environmental and health costs of raw materials • lack of large, steady markets for recycled materials

  37. Ways to overcome obstacles to recycling • taxing virgin resources ; lowering or eliminating taxes on recycled materials, subsidies for reuse ; requiring households to use “pay-as-you-go-through” system ; encouraging purchase of recycled products; use landfills and incinerators as last resort

  38. Recycling • Japan - 55%, US - 25%by 2000 • Aluminum - 38% worldwide; US -34% • replace cans by plastic bottles - PET

  39. Wastepaper • 30-60% of less energy • reduce air pollution from pulp mills • lowers water pollution -toxic ink • saves landfill space

  40. Wastepaper • to make paper, caustic soda(sodium hydroxide) converts wood chips into a soft mush, pressed into a thin sheet - dried • recycling removes glue, coating and reconverts it to pulp - pressed into paper • 1998 US recycled 40% - 50% by 2005

  41. Recycle plastics • many different types of polymers - have to be recycled separately. HDPE - High density polythene; PET - polyethyleneterephthalate; PS -polysterene • leading producers of hazardous waste 22% by volume of MSW • non biodegradable - or very slow degradation

  42. Plastic … advantage • durability, light weight (machine parts, carpeting, • toys, furniture) unbreakability, reusable as • containers

  43. Container Law…Oregon • banned use of one-time use beverage bottles • deposit 2-5 cents on all containers • Maine - 1991- all non-dairy beverage containers holding a gallon or less - 5cents deposit; liquor,wine - 15 cents

  44. Methods of waste disposal - integrated management • landfills - cheap, convenient • incineration • source reduction • recycling

  45. Landfills - garbage graveyard • clay lined depression for collection of “garbage juice”-each days deposit covered with layer of soil ; contaminated water trapped and collected , monitored for methane gas production,

  46. Landfill • numbers reduced from 18,500 to 3250 • “NIMBY” -not in my backyard - groundwater contaminated,odors and truck traffic • “NIMEY” not in my election year • 250 of 1360 Superfund sites are former landfills

  47. Drawbacks… • traffic, noise, gases, - emit toxic gases • paper/biodegradable products break down very slowly in modern compacted and water and oxygen deficient landfills • contamination of ground water by leachates

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