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Colostrum the Elixir of Life

Colostrum the Elixir of Life. D r Le Treut Yannig DVM Lallemand Animal Nutrition. Definition - Mammalian females: first udder production - continuous change from pure colostrum to milk (24 to 72 h depending on the species and individual effect)

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Colostrum the Elixir of Life

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  1. Colostrumthe Elixir of Life Dr Le Treut Yannig DVM Lallemand Animal Nutrition

  2. Definition - Mammalian females: first udder production - continuous change from pure colostrum to milk (24 to 72 h depending on the species and individual effect) → difficult to define precisely → always changing along the time → very variable «  yellowish sticky liquid  with strong milk smell and sweet taste »

  3. Composition Sow colostrum compared to sowmilk: - higherDM and CP (highlyconcentrated vs cowmilk) - lowerFat content 10 -15% vs 35 - 42% DM in the milk but 40 to 60% of the energysupply(//lactose) % Milk Water CP Fat Lactose Comparedchimical composition : colostrum and milk (Salmon Legagneur 1962)

  4. Composition • Colostrum isalso • ▪Trace minerals: Copper, Iron, Zinc, and Selenium • ▪ Vitamins: vit E x7 • vit B12 x 2 vs milk • vit A x 3.5 ▪ Very important Functional molecules (growth factors x 10 to 20 vs blood) - many of them to be discovered or roles precised - growth hormon, leptin, insulin… - prolactine, steroids,… - biopeptides (lactoferrin, neurotensin, ) - IgF1 and 2, TGFα….cytokines → Immunity, nutrition and maturation of the GI - weight of the GIT is increased by 40% in 24 H (Xu 2002)

  5. Composition • - main Factors of variation ▪ Forgotten element of the last 30 years → genetic selection → nutrition and management ▪ Colostrum quality varies: - genetic: breed, individual (Meishan : more fat) - nipple: front teats (?) (Fraser 84 Lin 92) - parity (lower fat content with older sows: Mahan 1997) - health status, vaccination: Ig increased→ CP > - nutrition: - easy for Vit E (Mahan 2005), Vit B12 (Simard 2002) Vit B2 Selenium(Mahan 97, Quesnel 2008)Vit A (Bland 2001) Fat (Jackson 1995,Heo 2008) - no effect on Vit C, Iron (Mahan 1997), copper, zinc CP(Heo 2008; Yang 2008)

  6. Composition • - main Factors of variation • ▪ Premature farrowing • - impaired udder preparation • lower Ig content (CP<) • ▪ Induced farrowing • Lower quantity and quality: Maffleo (1984); Devillers (2005) • Effect on fat content : Jackson (1995) • Effect on quantity 4.47 kg vs 3.95 (p=0.08) Foisnet (2010) % Fat content (%) post farrowing (time in hours) NaturalInducedfarrowing Jackson (1995) ▪ ▪

  7. Roles • - Main Roles of the colostrum ▪ Nutritional: crucial role Depending on the studies: 50 to 77% mortality (first 48 hours) : crushing Charal 2010) Effect of colostrum intake (g/kg LW) on early mortality Le Dividich 2005

  8. Nutritional: - piglet: - fat content low (1 to 2% LW at birth) - selection: lighter liver vs 80’s, - 30% glycogen content (Canario 2007) - nude, no hair, body surface/kg LW higher on light piglets (losses >) Roles Mellor, Cockburn 1986 Le Dividich 1997 Body reserveatbirth: 10 x higherfor the baby

  9. Roles ▪ Nutritional: energy supply Energyrequirements(24 H) 1200 1000 Thermoregulation breakheaven point 36°C 800 kJ/kg birthweight Energyavailable atbirth 600 Energydeposition Lipids 400 Physicalactivity Glycogen 200 Maintenance 0 Le Dividich 1997

  10. Nutritional:energy supply - requirement: 250-260 g for 1.45 kg LW at birth - huge heterogeneity (0 to 800 g !) - limiting factor: sow (MMA,PFAS…), management,… - NOT really the piglet: up to 450 g/d when bottle fed (Le Dividich) - Environment: T°, activity, …Management at birth: lamps, mastress,drying the piglet, … Roles Colostrum intake(g) Weightatbirth (g) Lallemand 2 010

  11. Nutritional:energy supply - 86 to 88% of the ADG 24H explained by colostrum intake + 1 g/d → 1.6 g of Colostrum intake ▪ Factors explaining colostrum intake - the sow: Hypogalaxia, behavior (restlessness…) colostrum production: 2.5 to 8 kg! Average 3.6 kg (Devillers 2005) - piglet weight at birth (+ 100 g LW → +27 g Colostrum) (Le Dividich) - litter size: No effect of the rank at birth Roles Lallemand 2 010

  12. - maturation of the GIT - Immunity At birth: No immune protection for the piglet - immuno competent - 33% Ig (day 14) and 44% at day 21 Colostrum: immunity transfer - antibodies - white cells → immune protection for the first 6-8 weeks Sow: 6 different layers between sow blood and fœtus blood → no immune cells or Ig can cross Roles Different types of placenta and the histologicaldetails

  13. - Immunity - Lactogenesis 1: -3-2 weeks before farrowing - Ig collected in the acinus - mainly filtered from the blood (except for Ig A) (3 - 6 times more than into the blood) Roles é Bourne 1973 • // storageIg in the udder: Igreduced in the blood of the sow • (week14)

  14. - Ig G: 60 to 75% of the total Ig (IgM only 5%) - very fast decrease (4 hours Bourne 1969) Immunity é Ig content (mg/ml) Time afterbirth(hours)Klobasa 1987 n=25 Ig concentrations in the colostrum

  15. - Factors of variation: Ig - farm : vaccinations, health(sanitary challenges) - animal: huge individual variation (+- 40%) - parity: P1 reputated to have lower concentrations - diet: Immunity 120 110 é Colostrum IgG concentration, mg/g 100 50 0 IgG concentration (mg/ml) 0 3 6 12 24 hours 6 12 24 36 3 Ig G concentrations in 3 different farms Le Dividich Birth of the first piglet Time (h) after the birth of the first piglet 0 3 6 12 24 Hours post farrowing Ig G levelsfrom 3 studies

  16. - Factors of variation: Ig - parity: P1 reputated to have lower concentrations well depending on the study: → Lallemand 2010: +¨42% IgG at 12H on multiparous Immunity é Iglevels and sowparity(Klobasa 1986)

  17. - diet: few studies only ▪ shark liver oil: 20 to 30 mg/ml of IgG (low levels!) ▪ FOS effect Ig A milk (De Groot 2000 but10 kg/t inclusion rate!) ▪ MOS: variable effect on Ig content - Le Dividich 2009: NO - O’quinn, Newman 2001: slight effect Immunity é Manipulations of Colostrum Immunoglobulins (review :Farmer Quesnel JAS 2009)

  18. - diet: few studies only ▪ Live yeast: Saccharromyces boulardii - 67 sows, SB last 3 weeks of gestation (2.5 g/s/d) Immunity é Effet of S.boulardii on Colostrum IgG (Le Dividich 2010)

  19. - Cell immunity: -1 to 3.106 total cells/ml (Le Jan 1996) - 60% leucocytes 20% epithelial Immunity é Origin and distribution of immune cells in the mammary gland and colostrum (Salmon 2010)

  20. - tranfer to the piglet • - gut permeability: • - 24H, Ig G are binding to a specific receptor (FcRn) on the enterocytes and • transfered to the blood. (very low protease activity at birth) (half life around 10 days) • - Ig A are not absorbed : attached to the brush border • - Other macromolecules are also transfered during the first 24 H • (albumines, alfafoeto-protein…) • - gut closure (Speer 1957) • - lactose or glucose effect (Werhan 1981), • - insulin (Swedsen 1986), • - cortisol • - level of Colostrum intake (Rooke 2002) • After 24 H: Ig G transfer is stopped, Ig G are hydrolysed • (lysosomial activity) • Endocytosis (trancytosis) (pH 6 - 3 to 4 hours – released at pH 7.4 into the lymph →blood) Immunity é

  21. - transfer to the piglet Ig G and M levels in the serum of the piglet: Immunity é First 2 bornpiglets Last 2 bornpiglets 48 hours 26 days Colostrum intake(g/kg 24 h) Le Dividich 2006 Ig G transfered are plateauingataround 30 - 50 mg/ml

  22. - transfer to the piglet Ig A levels in the faeces of the piglet: colostrum origin and after Day 1, from the milk. Immunity é Salmon 2010

  23. Practical implications and conclusions Colostrum is VERY necessary for the pigletsatbirth 1) as energysupply(160 – 180 g/kg LW) 2) for gut maturation 3) functionnalproteins and peptides…. 4) for immune protection (80-100 g/kg LW) é

  24. Practical implications and conclusions • Practical implications: • - farrowing assistance to increase piglet vitality • (lamps, drying powder, heating mastress…) • - each piglet should get the first colostrum as soon as • possible: the first colostrum intake is always the most efficient • - if needed assist the piglet to get to the teat • each piglet should get at least 100 g/kg LW from his • own mother to allow the passage of the lymphocytes • (HLA compatibility) • - cross fostering after 24 H only if possible • - marking the first piglets and then isolate them after their • first colostrum intake. • - colostrum drenching possible (frozen colostrum) é

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