Western Europe quickly grow while Russia and Eastern Europe were slow to adopt the Industrial Era.

1. The British forged the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, but as its industry secrets began to leave the country, other nations quickly caught up. Germany, France, and the United States were able to keep pace. Why? They had abundant resources; coal, iron. They borrowed or enticed British experts to help create industries in their countries. By 1900, Germany and the United States had taken over as the industrial giants of the world.

2. Western Europe quickly grow while Russia and Eastern Europe were slow to adopt the Industrial Era. • Other nations embrace industrialization: • Japan • New Zealand • Australia These nations would see the same advantages and disadvantages to the Industrial Revolution as the British experienced, only they had to react quicker. As more goods become available worldwide, global trade increased. Interaction and dependence on each others goods become common. Why might that be a bad thing?

3. New technologies would be introduced to cause industrialization to grow. • American William Kelly and British engineer Henry Bessmer created a new method of iron production. • Bessmer system- introducing air into the iron smelting process created a new type of material: steel. It was lighter, harder, more pliable and durable than iron. • Swedish chemist; Alfred Nobel invented dynamite: safer, more predictable than alternative.

4. Michael Faraday, and English chemist created the first electric motor and dynamo. The dynamo generates electricity. • American Thomas Edison invented the first incandescent light bulb. • AC vs DC Alternate current would win, using Tesla/Westinghouse method. Edison would move on to other inventions.

5. Factories begin using electricity instead of steam to power their plants. • As factories become more specialized, they begin creating interchangeable parts. This allowed for quick repairs to goods instead of replacing whole units. • Factories begin using what is known as assembly lines. Various people along a line of production would specialize at one aspect of the good’s production.

6. Transportation and Communication Advances • Sailing ships would be replaced by steamboats, which would be replaced by railroads, which gave way to automobiles. • In the U.S., a transcontinental railroad connects the two coasts. Russia would create the Trans-Siberian Railroad, connecting the Pacific with Europe. Goods and passengers could potentially travel more than half-way around the world all by rail.

7. In the late 1800’s, the German engineer Nikolas Otto designed the first internal combustion engine. • 1886, another German engineer by the name of Karl Benz created the first auto(otto)mobile using the internal combustion engine. It was a 3-wheeler. • 1887, to make an auto more stable, Gottlieb Daimler created the first 4-wheeled auto. • In the early 1900’s, the American automaker Henry Ford began selling his Ford Model T’s, which went a blinding 25 mph. • Assembly line, cheap cars, paid his workers $5 a day. Why?

8. Using the internal combustion engine, Orville and Wilber Wright took to the air in the first flight, in 1903 in Kitty Hawk, NC. • Within 10 years, airplanes were in the hands of daredevils pilots, commercial flight companies, and the militaries of industrialized nations.

9. In the 1840s, the American inventor Samuel F.B. Morse created the telegraph. • Electrical pulses along a wire between two points. How can we read electrical pulses? And how did a message go from one city to another without interrupting other messages? How does one message get from New York to London? By 1876, Morse’s invention became obsolete, but his language would continue. The Scottish-born American inventor and teacher of the deaf, Alexander Graham Bell created the telephone. The Italian Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio. First used by governments and militaries to contact ships at sea. Why would radio be ineffective for militaries?

10. Big Business Grows • New technologies need investment, so owners of factories and industries relied on stock. Stock are shares in a company. A stockholder would own a piece of a company and would earn dividends, profits from these business ventures. • As companies grew, they would create corporations. They are very large companies with thousands of stockholders with hundreds of thousands of stock. Corporations would venture into multiple factories and goods or industries. • When corporations grew too big and weeded out the competition, they would create a monopoly. In the U.S., John D. Rockefeller would run Standard Oil, Andrew Carnegie would own Bethlehem Steel, which made most of the steel in the U.S.

11. Corporations became so big, that their biggest stockholders and managers became filthy rich. They would also push innovation in their industries. • Two distinctions would be coined for these leaders. • Robber Barons • Captains of Industry • Why? Governments would eventually have to begin regulation of these industries to keep them from being too big. Anti-trust laws would cause these industries to break up their monopolies to allow for fair competition.

12. Cities Grow • Populations grew, but families were not having more children, something else was happening. • The death rate was dropping. Nutrition improved and medical advances and improvements in sanitation was the cause. • Although the germ theory, or the belief that microbes were the cause of diseases, was an old idea, scientists like Louis Pasteur began showing evidence that they did exist. • He would create vaccines that would inoculate patients from getting diseases like; rabies and anthrax. He also discovered the method of killing the microbes in milk, pasteurization.

13. In the 1880s, the German doctor, Robert Koch, identified the bacteria for tuberculosis. By the early 1900s, other scientists would find treatments for yellow fever, malaria, and cholera. • Cleaning wounds with antiseptics, and sterilizing medical instruments between uses also limited infections in patients. • Washing ones hands, and practicing good hygiene also helped to prevent infections. • Hospital care improved, as antiseptics and the use of anesthesia become common. • Battlefield care improved, due to the efforts of one British nurse. Florence Nightengale would change the way field hospitals cared for the wounded, which eliminated many unneeded deaths. • Joseph Lister, an English surgeon, began mandating the use of antiseptics and would caution all surgeon to clean their instruments between operations.

14. City begin to look different • By 1850, Paris began tearing up their oldest parts of the city. • Poor neighborhoods would be outfitted with sewers, larger streets to accommodate trolleys. • Although people were moving out of the city to cleaner, more pleasant towns, the inner city slowly improved for those in the working class. • Sidewalks would allow people to travel without stepping in filth. Sewers directed waste away from where water was drawn for use. • Wood would be replaced with steel as the primary building material. Tenements prone to fire were replaced with steel structure that were stronger and safer.

15. By 1900, a city planner and engineer in Chicago, Louis O. Sullivan, had created the world’s first skyscraper. A steel structure that towered at 12 stories. 3 times higher than most other buildings. • Although the working class in cities were still dealing with cramped tenements and all the problems of inner city life, they were getting paid more as union fought for better lives for them. • Cities would be the cultural centers of regions. Museums, zoos, concert halls, opera houses, etc… would be found in the cities, where many would be attracted to at least visit every once in awhile.

16. By 1900, all industrialized nations had legalized unions. These unions would fight for the rights of its workers for better pay, safer working conditions, protection of their jobs when they were injured, and shorter working hours and weeks. • Most importantly, they would earn the right to vote in many nations. They would put in power representatives of their social group, which would pass legislation for their protections. • Due to all these factors, the standard of living of those in all classes would improve. That is the quality and the ability to obtain necessities for life. • Although the lives of all the classes improved, the gap between them (wealth) would widen.

17. New Social Order Develops • A new upper class of very rich industrialists begin marrying those in the aristocratic and noble families, basically marrying titles. • A growing middle class made up a high-ranking professionals; scientists, doctors, engineers, etc… • At the lower end of the middle class was well-paid skilled workers. • Westernized nations had a large working class, now totaling only 30% of the population by 1900. Those in the Eastern European nations that didn’t industrialize, farmers made up the majority of the population.

18. Middle Class Household • The richer you are, the more you employ in service. A family didn’t have money unless they had at least a maid and cook. • Rules dictated social norms; etiquette, social calls. • Children are under strict restriction. Nannies and governess’ (personal teachers). • Men expected to earn a living to take care of their family, where the wife did not have to leave the home. • Women would have more time to care for children, direct staff, and join charitable institutions and religious organizations.

19. Cult of Domesticity • Society’s view that a women’s role was in the home, as a caregiver to her husband’s children, and an oasis for the husband from his stressful job. • Books, magazines, and newspapers directed readers to buy in to this idea. Advertisements were directed to women at the home, whom were becoming the primary spenders of money for the home.

20. In the mid-1850s, women in various social groups began speaking out for their rights to divorce, fairness in marriage, and property law. • Many of these disputes revolved around the husband’s use of alcohol. • This led many abused women to create the temperance movement. Blaming alcohol as the root problem, the temperance movement fought to end the sale, manufacture, and distribution of alcohol. • The problem for these women was that they were not voting citizens, for women to have a voice, they would need universal suffrage for women.

21. Some women believed that they would never get universal suffrage as long as legal slavery existed. • Abolition groups, led by men and women, spoke out in the U.S. for the rights of African Americans. • Taking the momentum from the abolition movement, and the success of the end of slavery, women began to create women’s rights movements. • Some leaders: Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Soujourner Truth. Truth, an educated former slave would fight for both movements before and after the U.S. Civil War.

22. Education during the Industrial Revolution • Most schools of public education would teach basic reading, writing, and arithmetic in the rural areas. In urban areas, an extensive was available to those who could afford it. • In the U.S., much of the nation were farmers, so school terms revolved around the harvest. This allowed children to provide for the family and get an education. Although many children before 1900 would not make it past the 8th grade, emphasis on real world experience on the farm was stressed. • Private schools in England and the American East would shape the higher achieving and richest children during high school years. These schools prepared students for college.

23. Boys were encouraged to learn more about literature, science, and mathematics. Girls were encouraged to learn about more home-related skills, which forced women into the cult of domesticity. • Colleges grow, new ones are developed to cater to women, freedmen(former slaves) and to those in specific fields of study. • By 1900, most western nations allowed women in their schools, and African Americans were slowly getting access to some of the same prestigious schools.

24. The Sciences • The Atomic Theory; John Dalton • Periodic table; Dmitri Mendeleyev • Getting closer to the age of our planet; Charles Lyell • Archeology, the fossil record, and the combining the sciences of geology and paleontology allowed for the fossil record to be produced. • The fossil record caused one scientist to theorize about how animals change their appearances over time. • Studying many species of animals across the planet, the English scientist Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species, which explains the theory of evolution.

25. Darwin’s ideas of the “survival of the fittest” caused many social reformers and thinkers to apply it to human evolution. • Social Darwinism: the idea that humans can justify the successes of one race over another, by showing how much they produce for society. This would become known as racism, where people use Social Darwinism as an excuse to discriminate and harbor prejudices towards others.

26. Since many westernized nations embraced laissez faire economics during the Industrial Revolution, little attention was afforded from the government towards those in the working class. • To fill in the void for assistance, charitable organizations and church charity begin picking up the slack. Known as the social gospel, charitable groups called Christians to do their social service by helping those in need.

27. Arts in the Industrial Age • Romanticism: an artistic style emphasizing imagination, freedom, and emotion. Oftentimes, romanticism refers to the arts that are almost make believe or unbelievable. • Romantic writers of the time included Lord Byron, Jane Eyre, and Charles Bronte. • Artists would be encouraged by their subjects to paint them in the best light (lie about the appearance).

28. Romantic composers and musicians would create elaborate compositions. • The German composer Ludwig Von Beethoven would become the most well know composers of the Romantic Period. • The Polish opera composer Frederic Chopin would become the most famous operatic composer of the time. • Many in the arts felt that romanticism did not show the primal truth of the time period, so many would gradually turn to realism. Realism: representation of the world as it is, not how someone would think it was like.

29. Realism Authors: Charles Dickens would write of personal experiences of mid-century London and Paris. He would write Oliver Twist, A Christmas Carol, as well as others that showed the hard living conditions of the working class. • Victor Hugo of France would write the story of the French Revolution era in his Les Miserables. • Playwrights would write about real life situations, instead of life among the aristocratic society.

30. As technology improves, so does the visual arts. • Louis Daguerre of France designed the first machines to take photographs in the 1840’s. • By the 1860s, improved cameras would be used to relay visual information to newspaper readers. Matthew Brady of Harper’s Weekly, and famous American magazine in the 1860s, would take pictures of the battlefields during the Civil War.

31. Impressionism • Some artists begin creating work that allowed the viewer a fleeting image, by using light brush strokes to create a scene. • Claude Monet and Edgar Degas would be two of the most famous impressionists of the mid to late 1800s. • Post-impressionists would take the style of impressionists to express realism and romanticism using bright colors and dots instead of light strokes. • Vincent van Gogh; the Dutch postimpressionist would be the most famous of his contemporaries.