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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. CAUSES EVENTS AND RESULTS. Why. Why did the French Revolution last so long? 1789-1799. FRANCE UNDER THE OLD REGIME. THE GOVERNMENTAL & SOCIAL SYSTEM THAT LASTED UNTIL THE REVOLUTION (1789) GOVERNMENT SYSTEM WAS ABSOLUTE MONARCHY

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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

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  1. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION CAUSES EVENTS AND RESULTS

  2. Why • Why did the French Revolution last so long? 1789-1799

  3. FRANCE UNDER THE OLD REGIME • THE GOVERNMENTAL & SOCIAL SYSTEM THAT LASTED UNTIL THE REVOLUTION (1789) • GOVERNMENT SYSTEM WAS ABSOLUTE MONARCHY • SOCIAL ORDER BASED ON A RIGID CLASS SYSTEM • CLASSES KNOWN AS ESTATES

  4. THE 3 ESTATES • THE FIRST ESTATE: THE CLERGY • THE SECOND ESTATE: THE NOBLES • THE THIRD ESTATE: • PEASANTS • URBAN POOR • BOURGEOISIE

  5. THE FIRST ESTATE • MADE UP OF CLERGY • THE SMALLEST OF 3 ESTATES • MADE UP 0.5% OF POPULATION • OWNED 10% OF THE LAND • COLLECTED THE TITHE (10% OF ANNUAL INCOME PAID TO THE CHURCH) • PAID NO TAX TO THE STATE

  6. SUPERVISED EDUCATION • MAINTAINED RECORDS OF BIRTHS, DEATHS & MARRIAGES • CLERGY COULD NOT BE TRIED IN CIVIL LAW COURTS • CHURCH OFFICES COULD BE BOUGHT (SIMONY)

  7. THE SECOND ESTATE • COMPOSED OF NOBILITY & MADE UP 2% OF FRENCH POPULATION • PAID NO TAX TO STATE • OWNED 20% OF LAND • COLLECTED FEUDAL DUES FROM PEASANTS • CONTROLLED LAW COURTS & THWARTED ANY ATTEMPT AT TAX REFORM

  8. HELD ALL HIGH GOVERNMENT OFFICES & WERE MILITARY OFFICERS • RESENTED MONARCHY, BUT WANTED TO HAVE SAME KIND OF POWER FOR ITSELF

  9. THE THIRD ESTATE • COMPRISED 98% OF POPULATION OF FRANCE • PAID 100% OF TAXES TO THE STATE • OWNED APPROXIMATELY 55% OF LAND • MORE THAN 80% OF FRANCE’S TOTAL POPULATION WAS PEASANTS • BOURGEOISIE (MIDDLE CLASS) AND THE CITY WORKERS/URBAN POOR WERE ALSO INCL IN 3RD ESTATE

  10. THE BOURGEOISIE BROUGHT IDEAS OF ENLIGHTENMENT TO REST OF 3RD ESTATE • THE BOURGEOISIE HAD EDUCATION & MONEY TO LEAD REVOLUTION • PEASANTS & URBAN POOR WERE READY, BUT NEEDED TO BE LED

  11. PROBLEMS OF THE OLD REGIME • ABSOLUTE MONARCY • FAILING ECONOMY • RISING POPULATION • 3 ESTATES • ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS • WEAK KING • SUCCESS OF AMERICAN REVOLUTION

  12. ABSOLUTE MONARCHY • NO CHANGE ALLOWED BY KING & THE KING CANNOT BE WRONG • PEOPLE HAVE NO POLITICAL VOICE & NO HOPE FOR FUTURE • ALLOWS FOR ABUSES OF THE PEOPLE BY IGNORING THEIR RIGHTS & THE LAW

  13. FAILING ECONOMY • BAD WEATHER LED TO REPEATED CROP FAILURES & POOR HARVESTS • SMALL HARVESTS LED TO LITTLE MONEY FOR THE PEASANTS TO PAY TAXES & GOV’T INCOME DECLINED • PRICE OF BREAD DOUBLED DUE TO RISING INFLATION • GUILDS STILL CONTROLLED MANY TYPES OF BUSINESSES

  14. FRANCE OWED HUGE DEBTS TO OTHER NATIONS • NOBLES REFUSED TO ACCEPT TAX REFORM & LOANS CONTINUED TO DRAIN FRANCE • LOUIS XVI & MARIE ANTOINETTE CONTINUED SPENDING THAT HAD BEGUN WITH LOUIS XIV & VERSAILLES

  15. FRANCE’S LOSSES IN WARS HAD COST THEM MEN, TERRITORY & MONEY • FRENCH INVOLVEMENT IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION HAD NEARLY DOUBLED FRANCE’S NATIONAL DEBT

  16. RISING POPULATION • 1715: 18 MILLION PEOPLE • 1789: 25 MILLION PEOPLE • BUT FOOD PRODUCTION LEVELS WERE DROPPING OFF IN THE YEARS BEFORE THE REVOLUTION

  17. 3 ESTATES • UNFAIR CLASS SYSTEM CREATED TENSION & HATRED AMONG THE 3 CLASSES • LACK OF POLITICAL VOICE FOR THE 3RD ESTATE MADE TENSION WORSE

  18. ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS • ENLIGHTENMENT BROUGHT IDEAS CRITICAL OF THE GOVERNMENT THE CHURCH AND THE OLD REGIME

  19. IDEAS LIKE LOCKE’S NATURAL RIGHTS LED PEOPLE TO BELIEVE THAT THEY COULD CHANGE THEIR COUNTRY • PEOPLE DESIRED FREE SPEECH AND PRESS, FREE RELIGION, PUBLIC TRIALS & AN END TO TORUTRE

  20. WEAK KING • LOUIS XIV WAS NOT INTERESTED IN GOVERNING • RELIED TOO LITTLE ON HIS ADVISERS & TOO MUCH ON HIS WIFE

  21. WEAK KING • SPENT TOO MUCH TIME HUNTING & PLAYING • DID NOT FORCE NOBLES TO ACCEPT TAX REFORM

  22. SUCCESS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION • IT’S RIGHT TO TAKE UP ARMS AGAINST TYRANNY • ALL MEN SHOULD HAVE FREEDOM • IF THE AMERICANS CAN HAVE SUCCESS, THEN SO CAN THE FRENCH

  23. THE EVENTS OF THE REVOLUTION • LOUIS CALLS FIRST MEETING OF ESTATES GENERAL IN 175 YEARS (NOW THEY’VE GOT HIM!!) • LOUIS COULD HAVE AVOIDED TROUBLE WITH A FEW REFORMS, BUT WAS FORCED TO CALL ESTATES GENERAL FOR MONEY

  24. UNDER THE RULES, EACH CHAMBER HAD ONLY 1 VOTE, REGARDLESS OF HOW MANY MEMBERS WERE THERE • WHAT IF THE 3RD ESTATE COULD GET THE ESTATES GENERAL TO ACCEPT ONE VOTE PER MAN?

  25. IN RESPONSE TO THE ABBE SIEYES QUESTION, THE 3RD ESTATE DEMANDED TO BE SOMETHING AND DECLARED THEMSELVES THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY ON 17 JUNE 1789

  26. THE 3RD ESTATE WAS LOCKED OUT OF THE ESTATES GENERAL & MOVED TO THE TENNIS COURT NEXT DOOR • THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY SWORE THE TENNIS COURT OATH: THEY WOULD NOT STOP THEIR WORK UNTIL THEY HAD GIVEN FRANCE A CONSTITUTION

  27. THE TENNIS COURT OATH

  28. THE STORMING OF THE BASTILLE • 14 JULY 1789 • LONG REGARDED AS A SYMBOL OF THE MONARCHY (LARGE, IMPOSING, VERY STRONG & HAD NO SIGNS OF WEAKNESS) BASTILLE WAS A PRISON & ARSENAL • THE PRESENCE OF SWISS MERCENARIES MADE THE POWDER & WEAPONS A NECESSITY FOR THE PEOPLE

  29. THE SURRENDER OF THE BASTILLE WAS ORDERED BY THE PEASANTS & THE ARMY REFUSED

  30. THE BASTILLE WAS ATTACKED & IT FELL TO THE PEASANTS

  31. THIS WAS A DIRECT ATTACK ON THE KING & MONARCHY & THERE WAS NO GOING BACK NOW

  32. THE GREAT FEAR • FEARING THE KING WOULD RESPOND TO THE BASTILLE W/ THE MERCENARIES, THE PEASANTS ATTACKED NOBILITY & OTHERS IN FRANCE IN SUMMER & FALL 1789

  33. THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN & CITIZEN • ISSUED 26 AUGUST 1789 • WAS TO PRODUCE EQUALITY & TO ABOLISH CLASS SYSTEM IN FRANCE

  34. THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN & CITIZEN • CALLED FOR FREE SPEECH, RELIGION, PRESS, FREEDOM FROM UNLAWFUL ARREST & FOR PEOPLE TO HAVE A VOICE IN GOV’T (ANY OF THIS SOUND FAMILIAR?) • THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN WERE IGNORED BY THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

  35. ABSOLUTE MONARCHY ENDED • OCTOBER 1789 • AT VERSAILLES A BANQUET GIVEN IN HONOR OF SWISS MERCENARIES • STARVING LOCALS DENIED ANY OF THE LEFTOVERS • APPROX. 6000 WOMEN BEGAN TO DEMAND BREAD & RIOTED WHEN THEY GOT NONE • EVENTUALLY THEY ATTACKED THE PALACE & ARRESTED LOUIS & ROYAL FAMILY

  36. MONARCHY OFFICIALLY ENDED & LOUIS SENT TO JAIL W/ MARIE • FIRST PHASE OF REVOLUTION OVER, TROUBLE LURKED ON HORIZON & PHASE TWO ABOUT TO START

  37. CHANGES IN FRANCE • CLASS SYSTEM ABOLISHED • CHURCH LANDS CONFISCATED BY GOV’T & SOLD TO RAISE MONEY TO PAY NATIONAL DEBT • PRIESTS TO BE ELECTED & STATE COULD CONTROL CHURCH (PEASANTS UNHAPPY W/ BOURGEOSIE) • BOURGEOISIE WAS NOT HEAVILY TAXED (THEY’RE NOW IN CHARGE!)

  38. LIMITED MONARCHY WAS ESTABLISHED (LIMITED BY WHAT?) • CLERGY FORCED TO SWEAR OATH OF LOYALTY TO STATE & NOT ROME (PEASANTS EVEN MORE UPSET)

  39. CONSTITUTION OF 1791 • TOOK 2 YEARS TO WRITE • CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY ESTABLISHED • UNI-CAMERAL LEGISLATURE CREATED CALLED LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY • ALL JUDGES TO BE ELECTED • KING COULD MAKE NO LAWS • VOTE GIVEN TO MALES WHO COULD PAY TAXES

  40. ANYONE WHO SERVED IN THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY PROHIBITED FROM SERVING IN LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY • ALL OF THE EXPERIENCE IN GOV’T GAINED IN PAST 2 YEARS WAS LOST

  41. PROBLEMS REMAIN • NEW GOV’T FACED OLD PROBLEMS W/ A VARIETY OF WAYS TO APPROACH THE PROBLEMS • 3 GROUPS IN THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, THE READICALS, THE MODERATES & THE CONSERVATIVES • THE COMMON PROBLEM THAT UNITED ALL 3 GROUPS, ABSOLUTE MONARCHY, WAS GONE & SO WAS THE UNITY

  42. THE RADICALS • INCLUDED WORKING POOR & SMALL SHOPKEEPERS • WANTED REPUBLIC & NO MONARCHY OF ANY KIND • ALL SHOULD BE EQUAL • WANTED MORE CHANGES IN GOV’T

  43. THE MODERATES • WANTED SOME CHANGE, BUT NOT A LOT & NOT THE KINDS OF CHANGES RADICALS WANTED • COULD LEAN TO EITHER SIDE DEPENDING ON ISSUE

  44. THE CONSERVATIVES • WANTED NO CHANGE • RESTORE MONARCHY & GET RID OF THE DEC. OF RIGHTS OF MAN • GROUP INCLUDED THE EMIGRES WHO HAD FLED FRANCE AS WELL AS ROYALISTS & NOBLES

  45. THE REVOLUTION TAKES A RADICAL TURN • THE MONARCHS OF EUROPE FEARED THE SPREAD OF FRANCE’S REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS & PROMISED WAR IF LOUIS EXECUTED • MONARCHS ALSO SPONSORED GROUPS IN FRANCE TO CAUSE TROUBLE FOR THE NEW GOV’T • W/ THE SUPPORT OF THE PEOPLE, FRANCE DECLARED WAR ON AUSTRIA IN APRIL 1792

  46. FRANCE INVADED NETHERLANDS & WAS QUICKLY BEATEN • A PRUSSIAN GENERAL DECLARED THAT PARIS WOULD BE RAZED IF LOUIS WAS HARMED • THE FRENCH WERE OUTRAGED & ATTACKED THE PRISON THAT HELD LOUIS, SLAUGHTERING THE SWISS MERCENARIES

  47. IN SEPTEMBER 1792 PARANOID FRENCH MOBS FEARED THAT WHILE THE ARMY WAS AT WAR, THE ROYALISTS WOULD ESCAPE & RESTORE THE KING

  48. THE MOBS SLAUGHTERED OVER 1000 PRISONERS • THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY RESIGNED & CALLED FOR A NEW GOV’T TO BE FORMED CALLED THE NATIONAL CONVENTION

  49. THE NATIONAL CONVENTION ENDED THE CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY AND GOT RID OF CONSTITUTION ITSELF • TO PREVENT FURTHER PROBLEMS W/ KING GETTING BACK INTO POWER, HE WAS TRIED, CONVICTED & EXECUTED FOR TREASON IN JANUARY 1793 • THE RADICALS ARE IN CONTROL & BEGIN THE REIGN OF TERROR

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