Anatomy of Reproduction

1. Anatomy of Reproduction Exploring Reproductive Systems

2. Male Reproductive Organs • Testicles- Produce Sperm & Testosterone. There are two testicles present in male animals. • Sperm- Male sex cells • Testosterone- Causes the behavior & appearance of an animal to be masculine.

3. Male Reproductive Organs • Epididymis- Storage site for sperm cells. The cells enter the epididymis from the testicle to mature. • There is a separate epididymis attached to each testicle.

4. Male Reproductive Organs • Scrotum- Two-lobed sac that contains and protects the two testicles & regulates testicle temperature. • When the environment temp. is low, the scrotum contracts pulling the testicle into the body for warmth. • When the temp. is high, the scrotum relaxes, letting them hang away from the body.

5. Male Reproductive Organs • Vas Deferens- a transportation tube that carries the sperm containing fluid from each epididymis to the urethra. • Urethra- Large, muscular canal extending from the urinary bladder. Semen and urine move through the urethra to the end of the penis.

6. Male Reproductive Organs • Seminal Vesicles- Open into the urethra. They produce a fluid that protects and transports sperm. • Prostate gland- Produces a fluid that is mixed with the seminal fluid. • Cowper’s Gland- Produces a fluid that moves down the urethra ahead of the seminal fluid to clean & neutralize the urethra. • All of this mixed together is called SEMEN.

7. Male Reproductive Organs • Penis- Deposits semen within the female reproductive system. • The urethra is surrounded by spongy tissue that fills with blood when the male is sexually aroused. • This causes an erection that is necessary for copulation (mating).

8. Male Reproductive Organs • Sigmoid flexure- (found in bulls, rams & boars) and the retractor muscle extend the penis from the SHEATH. • Sheath- A tubular fold of skin that protects the penis.

10. Reproductive Anatomy Exploring Female Reproduction

16. Female Reproductive Organs • Ovary- Produces female gametes. • Gamete is a sex cell that can unite with other sex cells. These are called ova or eggs. • Ovaries also produce female sex hormones, estrogen & progesterone. • Within each ovary there are tiny follicles. The eggs are produced in these follicles.

17. Female Reproductive Organs • Oviducts- Two tubes that carry the ova from the ovaries to the uterus. They are also called fallopian tubes. • They are close, but not attached to the ovaries. The funnel-shaped end of each oviduct is called the infundibulum. • At ovulation the follicle ruptures, releasing an egg that is caught by the infundibulum.

18. Female Reproductive Organs • Uterus- Y-shaped structure consisting of the body, two uterine horns and the cervix. The size and shape varies among species. • Animals who have large numbers during birth, typically have large horns and a small body. • Animals who have single or twin births have small horns and a larger body. • The fetus grows within the uterus, and that is where it remains until parturition (birth).

19. Female Reproductive Organs • Cervix-Composed of connective tissue that is the gateway between the uterus and the vagina. • Vagina- Serves as the female organ of copulation at mating and as the birth canal during parturition.

20. Female Reproductive Organs • Vulva- External opening of the reproductive and urinary systems. • Labia majora- Exterior, visible part of the vulva, consisting of two folds. • Labia minora- Two folds located just inside the labia majoria. • Clitoris- Sensory and erectile organ of the female, located just inside the vulva. Produces sexual stimulation during copulation.

21. Other Things to Know… • When a sperm fertilizes the ova, a zygote is created. • Zygote- Fertilized egg cell. • Fertilization occurs in the oviduct. • 2-4 days after fertilization the cell will move to the uterus, where it will stay until parturition.

22. Reproduction Anatomy Avian

23. Male Reproduction • Male poultry have testicles, but they are located inside the body, opposed to the scrotum. • The Vas Deferens carry the seminal fluid & sperm cells to the Cloaca. • Cloaca- Enlarged part where the large intestine joins the end of the alimentary canal.

24. Male Reproduction • Alimentary Canal- Food carrying passage that begins at the mouth and ends at the vent. • Papilla- The organ in the wall of the cloaca that puts the sperm cells into the hens reproductive tract.

25. Female Anatomy • The chicken does have two ovaries and two oviducts. • Only the LEFT ovary & oviduct function. The right is obsolete. • The OVA produced in the ovary turns into egg yolk.

26. Female Anatomy • The Oviduct has 5 parts. • Funnel- Receives the yolk from the ovary. The sperm a chicken receives stays here. • Magnum- Secrets the thick white of the egg. It takes around 3 hours for the white to be placed around the yolk in the magnum.

27. Female Anatomy • Isthmus- The yolk & white move here, two shell membranes are placed around the yolk & white. It takes 1.25 hours. • Uterus- The thin white & outer shell are placed around the egg. It stays here for about 20 hours.

28. Female Anatomy • Vagina- From the uterus, the egg moves here. The egg stays here only a short time before it is laid. It takes about 25-27 hours to produce one egg.

29. How It Happens • Male Papillae deposits sperm in the cloacal wall of he female. • Sperm moves up the oviduct to the funnel, where it is fertilized. • Sperm Cells remain the oviduct 2-3 weeks after mating.

30. Other Things… • The YOLK provides nourishment, just like an umbilical cord in mammals. It also provides passive immunity, like colostrum. • The egg white is called an ALBUMIN. • It serves as a shock absorber for the developing embryo.